PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 10-12 REVIEW

Learning Potential Assessment Device

was designed to yield information about the nature and amount of intervention required to enhance a child's performance

achievement batteries

tests that cover a number of academic areas are typically divided into several subtests

routing tests

are pretests administered to determine the level of the actual test most appropriate for administration

aptitude tests

tend to focus more on informal learning or life experiences

achievement tests

tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

Public Law (PL) 94-142

which mandated the professional evaluation of children age 3 and older suspected of having physical or mental disabilities in order to determine their special educational needs

diagnostic information

it refers to the test or test data used to pinpoint a student's difficulty, usually for remedial purposes

Woodcock-Johnson IV

consists of a test of cognitive abilities and a test of achievement; the latter of which measures oral language and academic achievement.

Authentic Assessment

Assessment of students' knowledge and skills in a "real-life" context.

performance task

is a work sample designed to elicit representative knowledge, skills, and values from a particular domain of study.

Specific Learning Disability

a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations

SLD

defined in 2007 by Public Law 108-147

integrative assessment

Ask open ended questions. An approach to evaluation that assimilates input from relevant sources.

Dynamic Assessment

- It is an approach to assessment that departs from reliance on, and can be contrasted to, fixed tests.

- encompasses an approach to exploring learning potential that is based on a test-intervention-retest model.

Feuerstein's

- he and his colleagues developed a dynamic system of assessment tasks called LPAD

Vygotsky

introduced the concept of a zone of proximal development or "the distance between the actual developmental level"

Achievement tests

are designed to measure accomplishment.

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test—Third Edition (WIAT-III)

is a standardized assessment tool used to measure the academic achievement and skills of individuals

Psychometric soundness

the reliability and validity of a test

prognostic tests

aptitude tests are also called _____ which are typically used to make predictions

(1986) PL 94-142 known as

PL 99-457

PL 105-17

participate in state and district tests; continued services for students with disabilities with violent behavior

Checklist

Assessment tool with which a teacher evaluates student performance by indicating whether specific behaviors or qualities are present or absent.

rating scale

as a form completed by an evaluator (a rater, judge, or examiner) to make a judgment of relative standing with regard to a specified variable or list of variables.

Apgar number

Sum total of "everybody's first test"

informal evaluation

typically nonsystematic assessment that leads to the formation of an opinion or attitude conducted by any person

Miller Analogies Test (MAT)

A 100-item multiple choice analogy test that examines the testtaker's ability to perceive relationships as well as his or her general intelligence, vocabulary, and academic learning

Diagnostic Tests

tool used to identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention

The Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised (WRMT-3)

a paper-and-pencil measure of reading readiness, reading achievement, and reading difficulties

Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test, Fourth Edition (SDMT4)

is a standardized test that can provide useful diagnostic insights with regard to the mathematical abilities of children just entering school to just entering college

KeyMath 3 Diagnostic System (KeyMath3-DA)

a standardized test that may be administered to children as young as 4½ and adults as old as 21

Psychoeducational test batteries

are test kits that generally contain two types of tests: those that measure abilities related to academic success and those that measure educational achievement in areas such as reading and arithmetic

Peer Appraisal

is a method of obtaining information about an individual by asking that individual's peer group to make the evaluation

performance assessment

will be defined as an evaluation of performance tasks according to criteria developed by experts from the domain of study tapped by those tasks.

CCSS means

Common Core State Standards

Common Core State Standards

currently sets standards for learning in English and math

Response to Intervention (RTI)

A multilevel prevention framework applied in educational settings that is designed to maximize student achievement through the use of data that identifies students at risk for poor learning outcomes

Problem-solving model

refers to the use of interventions tailored to students' individual needs that are selected by a multidisciplinary team of school professionals

McClelland (1951)

defined personality as "the most adequate conceptualization of a person's behavior in all its detail

Menninger (1953)

defined it as "the individual as a whole, his height and weight and love and hate and blood pressure and reflexes; his smiles and hopes and bowed legs and enlarged tonsils. It means all that anyone is and that he is trying to become."

(Goldstein, 1963),

others view the individual in the context of society

Byrne (1974)

characterized the entire area of personality psychology as "psychology's garbage bin in that any research which doesn't fit other existing categories can be labeled 'personality.'

Personality

it is the individual's unique constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time.

Personality Assessment

the measurement and evaluation of psychological traits, states, values, interests, attitudes, worldview, acculturation, sense of humor, cognitive and behavioral styles, and/or related individual characteristics

personality traits

"Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another."

personality types

A constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities

Self-Directed Search test

developed by John holland; a self-administered and self-scored aid to offer vocational assistance

Type A personality

personality type characterized by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance

Type B personality

A personality type that is completely opposite of Type A personality: characterized as mellow or laid back

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

developed to identify emotional disorders

profile

A narrative description, graph, table, or other representation of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics

Personality profile

a narrative description of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain personality traits, states, or types

Personality states

a personality state is an inferred psychodynamic disposition designed to convey the dynamic quality of id, ego, and superego in perpetual conflict

self-report

a process wherein information about assesses is supplied by the assesses themselves

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept measure

An instrument designed to yield information about how an individual sees him-or herself with regard to selected psychological variables, the data from which are usually interpreted in the context of how others may see themselves on the same or similar variables

self-concept differentiation

the degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles

Generosity Error

Rater's bias that occurs because of the rater rating an individual too positively

severity error

Rater's bias that occurred because of the rater's tendency to be too strict or negative thus to give underserved low scores

central tendency error

error in which raters choose a middle point on the scale to describe performance, even though a more extreme point might better describe the employee

halo effect

Occurred when a particular set of circumstances may create a certain bias; a variety of favorable response bias

criteria

A standard on which a judgment or decision can be made

halo effect

type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character

criterion group

A reference group of test takers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to test items serve as a standard according to which items will be included in or discarded

locus of control

is a person's perception about the source of things that happen to him or her.

structured interview

A selection interview that consists of a predetermined set of questions for the interviewer to ask

graphology

the study of handwriting and how it relates to a person's character

frame of reference

Defined as aspects of the focus of exploration such as the time frame (the past, the present, or the future) as well as other contextual issues that involve people, places, and events

Q-sort technique

is an assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, usually in perceived rank order ranging from most descriptive to least descriptive

nomothetic approach

Characterized by efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people

idiographic approach

Characterized by efforts to learn about each individual's unique constellation of personality traits, with no attempt to characterize each person according to any particular set of traits

MMPI-A

478 question version for the MMPI-2 suitable for ages 14-18.

MMPI-2-RF

clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

NEO-PI-R

includes 240 items to measure neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

objective methods of personality assessment

characteristically contain short-answer items for which the assessee's task is to select one response from the two or more provided

objective personality tests

structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment

projective hypothesis

supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual's own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses

projective methods

as a technique of personality assessment in which some judgment of the assessee's personality is made on the basis of performance on a task that involves supplying some sort of structure to unstructured or incomplete stimuli

projective tests

indirect methods of personality assessment; assessees aren't being directly asked to disclose information about themselves. Rather, their task is to talk about something else (like inkblots or pictures)

Hermann Rorschach

developed what he called a "form interpretation test" using inkblots as the forms to be interpreted.

The Rorschach

- consists of 10 bilaterally symmetrical (or, mirror-image of folded in half) inkblots printed on separate cards.

- Five inkblots are achromatic (meaning without color, or black-and-white). Two inkblots are black, white, and red. The remaining three inkblots are multicolored.

Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)

Synthesize all the different scales and put together the ones that actually work (reliability and validity). Indices are Location, Form Quality, Content, Determinants, Cognitive Codes, and Thematic Codes.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- developed by Christiana D. Morgan and Henry A. Murray

-was originally designed as an aid to eliciting fantasy material from patients in psychoanalysis

- 31 cards, one of which is blank

need

determinants of behavior arising from within the individual

press

determinants of behavior arising from within the environment

thema

a unit of interaction between needs and press

implicit motive

A nonconscious influence on behavior, typically acquired on the basis of experience

Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study

consists of cartoons in which one person is frustrating another person; the subject is asked to describe how the frustrated person responds

word association

is a task that may be used in personality assessment in which an assessee verbalizes the first word that comes to mind in response to a stimulus word.

word association test

a projective technique in which a person responds to a stimulus word with whatever word comes to mind

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Kent- Rosanoff Free Association Test

represented one of the earliest attempts to develop a standardized test using words as projective stimuli

sentence completion

refers to a task in which the assessee is asked to finish an incomplete sentence or phrase

sentence completion test

is a semi structured projective technique of personality assessment that involves the presentation of a list of words that begin a sentence and the assessee's task is to respond by finishing each sentence with whatever word or words come to mind

sentence completion stems

(the part of the sentence completion item that is not blank but must be created by the testtaker) may be developed for use in specific types of settings or for specific purposes.

Auditory Apperception Test

the subject's task was to respond by creating a story based on three sounds played on a phonograph record.

analogue study

s a research investigation in which one or more variables are similar or analogous to the real variable that the investigator wishes to examine

leaderless group technique

procedure wherein several people are organized into a group for the purpose of carrying out a task as an observer records information related to individual group members' initiative, cooperation, leadership, and related variables

Plethysmography

is a biofeedback instrument that records changes in the volume of a part of the body arising from variations in blood supply

polygraph

best-known of all psychophysiological measurement tools is what commonly referred to as a lie detector