lecture 1 a&p

Anatomy

The Science of structure.
1) Internal and External Structure
2) Physical Reaction among body parts

Physiology

The Structure of function. How organisms function.

What are the five characteristics that distinguish living from non living forms?

1) Growth
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Excretion
5) Movement

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Changing the structure of something will alter the functions, and vice versa.

Starting with the simplest, or smallest level name in sequence the six levels of organization in the human body

1) Chemical
a) organelle
2) Cellular
3) Tissue
4) Organ
5) Organ System
6) Organism

Define homeostasis; and how is it maintained in the body?

Homeostasis is the existence of a stable internal environment. It is maintained through various regulatory mechanisms.

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Give examples of each.

Negative feedback mechanisms negate or get rid of, the stimulus. Ex regulation of blood sugar levels, body temperature, or ion concentrations.
Positive feedback mechanisms amplify or exaggerate the stimulus. Ex child birth, or hemostasis ( blood clotting)

Body Functions 1
Integumentary

Protects against the environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information
Ex: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

Body Functions 2
Skeletal

Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
From blood cells
Ex: bone, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Body Functions 3
Muscular

Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Ex: skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Body Functions 4
Nervous

Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities
Provides sensory for the external conditions
Ex: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Body Functions 5
Endocrine

Long term changes in other organs
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy
Controls structural & functional changes during development
Ex: pancreas, thyroid gland, gonads, adrenal glands

Body Functions 6
Cardiovascular

* Distributes heat & assists in controls body temperature
* Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Ex: heart, blood, blood vessels

Body Functions 7
Lymphatic

Defends infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the blood stream
Ex: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Body Functions 8
Respiratory

Delivers air to alveoli ( sites in lungs where gas is exchanged)
Provides oxygen to the bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sound for communication
Ex: sinuses, larynx, bronchi, lung, alveoli, nasal cavities, trachea

Body Functions 9
Digestive

Processes and digest food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves
Ex: teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

Body Functions 10
Urinary

Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentration and pH
Ex: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Body Functions 11
Reproduction Male & Female

Male:
Produces sex cells (sperm), suspending fluid & hormones
Sexual intercourse
Female:
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports developing embryo from conceptions to delivery
Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
Sexual intercouse

Cytology

Study of individual cells

Histology

Study of tissue

ATP

Cellular energy
A\= Adenosine
T\=Tri
P\=Phosphate

Auto-regulation (Intrinsic)

Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ
(auto means self)

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine system

Pathology

Disruption in homeostasis or the condition of any one level of organization produced or by disease an inability to maintain homeostasis

Vasodilation

Blood cell gets bigger (pupils dilate they get bigger)

Vasocontriction

Blood cell gets smaller

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Sodium
Iron

Oxygen \= O
Carbon \= C
Hydrogen \= H
Nitrogen \= N
Calcium \= Ca
Phosphorous \= P
Potassium \= K
Sodium \= Na
Iron\= Fe

List the three subatomic particles in an atom. In which part of the atom is each of them

Protons:
Located in the nucleus of an atom
Carry a positive charge
Neutrons:
Located in the nucleus of an atom
Carry no charge (neutral)
Electrons:
Located in energy shells or orbitals
Carry a negative charge

What is atomic number?

The number of protons in an atom
Number on top of symbol (protons)

What is atomic weight or atomic mass?

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms (p+n)
Number on the bottom of the symbol

How to calculate the number of protons

Equals to the Atomic number

How to calculate the number of neutrons

Equals to the Atomic Weight - Atomic Number

How to calculate the number of electrons

Equals to the number of protons

How many electrons can the first energy shell hold?

It can hold up to two electrons.

How many electrons can the second and third shell hold?

It can hold up to eight electrons. Each energy shell must be full before moving to the next shell.

What is a valence orbital?

The outer most energy shell. Atoms want there orbitals to be full ; this determines the reactivity of an atom. If the orbital is full its stable and non reactive; If is not full then its likely to react with another atom to fill up.

What is cation?

Positively charged atom, due to the loss of electrons.

What is Anion?

Charged ion, due to the gain of electrons

Covalent Bond

Sharing electrons, its the strongest type of bond
Ex: H2,O2,CO2,H2O

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons often resulting in ions ( which have a positive of negative charge)
Ex: NaCl (salt_

Hydrogen Bond

Weak bond between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom of another molecule.

Intramolecular Bond

Between atoms within a molecule (Ionic and covalent)
(Within a molecule)

Intermolecular Bonds

Between molecules (hydrogen bonds)

The pH scale and how to interpret it

Ranges from 0 to 14
Below 7 is an acid
Above 7 is a base or alkaline
7 is neutral

Biological Compounds 1
Carbohydrates

Monomers \= monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose.Galactose)
Polymer \= Disaccharides, Polysaccharides (starch, and glycogen)
Main Use \= an immediate energy source

Biological Compounds 2
Lipids

Monomer \= glycerol and free fatty acids
Polymers \= triglycerides, steroids, eicosanoids, phospholipids,prostaglandins
Main use \= energy reserve, hormones, insulation, structural component of cell membrane

Biological Compounds 3
Proteins

Monomer \= amino acids
Polymers \= polypeptides or proteins
Main use \= movement, transport of substances, immunity, support, catalysts for chemical reactions

Biological Compounds 4
Nucleic Acids

Monomers \= nucleotides, made from sugars , a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Polymers \= DNA and RNA
Main use \= storage of genetic information and protein synthesis

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
3 Types are : (Solid, Liquid, Gas)

Element

Matter consisting of atoms of the same atomic number

Organic Compound

Compounds that always contain carbon & hydrogen

Inorganic Compound

Compounds that generally do not contain carbon & hydrogen

Acidosis

results if the pH is below 7.35

Alkalosis

results if the pH is above 7.45

How much pH does human blood have?

7.35 -7.45

Organelle 1
Nucleus

Controls center of cell
Contains DNA
Absent in red blood cells

Organelle 2
Nucleolus

Site of Ribosomes productions

Organelle 3
Cytoplasm

Everything surrounding the nucleus, can be divided into two subgroups

Organelle 4
Cytosol

Fluid or Gel like substance

Organelle 5
Cytoskeleton

Gives structure to cells
Protein filament called micro-filaments
Intermediate filaments
Micro-tubules

Organelle 6
Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis
Produced in the nucleus
Dots in the cell (fixed and free) on the endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle 7
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Series of tubules with ribosomes for synthesis
Transports proteins

Organelle 8
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Series of tubules WITHOUT ribosomes for synthesis
Transports lipids and carbohydrates

Organelle 9
Golgi Apparatus

Packing Center
Form three types of vesicles
1) Secretory (Proteins)
2) Membrane renewal
3) Lysomes (Digestive Cells)

Organelle 10
Mitochondria

Power house Produce ATP
Abundant in liver cell, muscle Cells and around the flagella of sperm
Absent in red blood cells
Look like Cheetos

Organelle 11
Lysosome

Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
(Suicide sacs, cell recyclers)

Organelle 12
Centrioles

Arrangement of miro-tubules
Form spindle fibers for division
"L" shape in drawing

Organelle 13
Centrosome

The location of the centrioles in the cell
" Imaginary circle around the L"

Organelle 14
Cilia

Arrangement of micro- tubules into hair like structure for the purpose of moving substances

Organelle 15
Microvilli

Cellular extension to increase surface area
Usually for absorption
Found in small intestine
" Hair like structure on the cell"

Organelle 16
Flagella

Arrangement of micro-tubles into whip like tale for movement of sperm
Only in male

Anotomical Position

Body straight, face foward, arms at side, palms foward
Supine: on back
Prone: on belly

Superior

Above " A is superior to B"

Inferior

Below "B is inferior to A"

Anterior (Ventral)

Front (Belly side)

Posterior (Dorsal)

Behind (Back)

Medial

Closer to the middle "the eye is medial to the ear"

Lateral

Farther from the middle "the ear is lateral from the eye"

Proximal

Closer to the attatchment (only arms and legs)
"the knee is more proximal than the ankle"

Distal

Farther from the attachment (Only arms and legs)
"the wrist is more distal than the elbow"

Superficial

Closer to the surface
"the first layer of skin is superficial than the bone"

Deep

Farther from surface
"the bone is deeper than the blood vessels"

Cephalon

Head

Cerviiis

Neck

Throacis

Chest

Axillary

Armpit

Carpus

Wrist

Manus

Hand

Abdomen

Belly

Lumbus

Loin

Gluteus

Butt

Pelvis

Hip

Pubis

Anterior Pelvis

Inguen

Groin

Femur

Thigh

Crus

Anterior Leg

Popliteus

Back of knee

Sura

Calf

Tarsus

Ankle