CH 8 Nervous System

Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

What are the main divisions of the nervous system

Central nervous system

Which division includes the spinal cord and brain

Peripheral nervous system

Which division includes the autonomic nervous system

Neuron

What is the cellular component of the nervous system

Nerve

What is a bundle of neural processes outside the central nervous

Ganglion

What is an accumulation of f neutron cell bodies outside the central nervous system

Synapse

What is the junction between a neuron and an effector organ where neural impulses are transmitted

Afferent nerve

What type of nerve carries the information from the periphery of the body to the brain

Efferent nerve

What type of nerve carries the information away from the brain to the periphery of the body

The difference between charges of a cell membrane, the fluid outside of the membrane has a positive charge and the fluid inside has a negative charge

Resting potential when considering the physiological situation at the cell membrane

Temporary reversal of the electric potential along the membrane for a brief period (less than a millisecond)

Action potential when considering the physiological situation at the cell membrane

Diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on the membrane of the other cell, the term given is neurotransmitter

How do chemical agents enter into innervation and what is the term given these agents

Loss of feeling or sensation resulting from use of certain drugs or gases to mimic inhibitory neurotransmitters

What is anesthesia

Use of lidocaine to mimic inhibitory neurotransmitters by decreasing sensory neurons' ability to greater an action potential, thus producing local anesthesia

How do dental professionals use anesthesia for pain control for dental care

Includes the brain and spinal cord

What is the central nervous system composed of

Cerebrum

What is the largest division of the brain

functions to produce muscle coordination and maintains the usual level of muscle tone and posture as well as coordinates balance

What is the function of the cerebrum

Brain stem, Diencephalon, and Meninges

Components of the brain

medulla, pons, and the midbrain

Brain stem components

closest to the spinal cord which involves the regulation of the heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction, and reflex centers for vomiting coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping

Medulla

connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers

Pons

includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways

Midbrain

thalamus and hypothalamus

Diencephalon components

serves a central relay point for incoming nerve impulses

Thalamus

regulates homeostasis

Hypothalamus

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Meninges components

envelops the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

the middle layer

Arachnoid mater

delicate highly vascularized innermost membrane

Pia mater

Runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brin to the rest of the body

Describe the spinal cord and its function

Afferent and Efferent

What are the main division of the peripheral nervous system

Includes both the afferent and efferent nerves and involves both receptors in effectors. The efferent part of the SNS is a subdivision of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system and includes all nerves controlling the voluntary muscular system

Describe the somatic nervous system and its role in the autonomic nervous system

Efferent nerves

What type of nerves are the autonomic nerves

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

involved in fight or flight responses such as the shutdown of salivary gland secretion

Sympathetic system and how it relates to the salivary gland secretion

Involved in the rest or digest responses such as the simulation of the salivary gland secretion

Parasympathetic system and how it relates to the salivary gland

Sympathetic, relay in ganglia arranged loke a chain running up the neck close to the vertebral column on both sides

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved with the fight or flight response and how is the relay done

Parasympathetic, pre ganglion neurons are before relaying the ganglion

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved with the rest or digest response and how is the relay done

Carried within both the seventh and nineth cranial nerves. the seventh cranial or facial nerve has two branches involved in glandular secretion

What are the principle parasympathetic nervous system outflows of the head and neck and how does this relate to the cranial nerves

Facial/Cranial nerve VII

What cranial nerve is the most important one to the dental profession

Olfactory nerve I

Cranial nerve I

Afferent

Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve I) afferent or efferent

nasal olfactory mucosa

What does the Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve I) afferent innervate

Optic nerve II

Cranial nerve II

Afferent

Cranial nerve II (Optic II) afferent or efferent

Retina of the eye

What does the Cranial nerve II (Optic II) afferent innervate

Oculomotor nerve III

Cranial nerve III

Efferent

Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor III) afferent or efferent

Eye muscles including some smooth muscle (parasympathetic)

What does the Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor III) effernt innervate

Trochlear nerve IV

Cranial nerve IV

Efferent

Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear IV) afferent or efferent

One eye muscle

What does the Cranial nerve IV (Trochlear IV) effernt innervate

Trigeminal nerve V

Cranial nerve V

both

Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V) afferent or efferent

muscles of mastication and other cranial nerves

What does the Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V) efferent nerve generally innervate

skin, teeth, oral cavity, and most general sensations of the tongue

What does the Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V) afferent nerve generally innervate

Sensory and motor

What are the two roots of Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V)

Sensory root

Which Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V) be divided further into three divisions

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

Sensory root divisions

provides sensations to the upper face and scalp

Opthalmic root division

provides sensations to the middle and lower face, respectively

Maxillary and mandibular root division

enter the skull in one of three different fissures or foramina in the sphenoid bone

Where is the Sensory roots located

superior orbital fissure

Where is the sensory ophthalmic nerves (first division) located

foramen rotundum

Where is the sensory maxillary nerve (second division) located

passes through the skull by way of the foramen ovale

Where is the sensory mandibular nerve (third division) located

accompanies the mandibular nerve of the sensory root and also exits the skull through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone

Where is the motor nerve located

it innervates relevant tissues, structures, and organs of the head and neck

Why is the Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal V) important in the dental profession

Abducens nerve VI

Cranial nerve VI

efferent

Cranial nerve VI (Abducens nerve VI) afferent or efferent

one eye muscle

What does the Cranial nerve VI (Abducens VI) efferent innervate

Facial nerve VII

Cranial nerve VII

both

Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve VII) efferent or afferent

muscles of the facial expression, other cranial muscles, lacrimal gland and submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands (parasympathetic)

What does the Cranial nerve VII (Facial VII) efferent innervate

skin around the ear and taste sensation of tongue

What does the Cranial nerve VII (Facial VII) afferent innervate

It innervates relevant tissues of the head and neck and travels through the parotid salivary gland

Why is the Cranial nerve VII (Facial VII) significant to dental professionals

never leaves the cranial cavity by passing through the internal acoustic meatus, which leads to facial canal inside the temporal gone, then its exits the skull by the way of the stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone

Map of travel for the Cranial nerve VII (Facial VII)

Vestibulocochlear VIII

Cranial nerve VIII

afferent

Cranial nerve VII (Vestibulocochlear VII) afferent and efferent

inner ear

What does the Cranial nerve VII (Vestibulocochlear VII) afferent innervate

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Cranial nerve IX

both

Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal IX) afferent or efferent

stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid salivary gland plus mucous glands of pharynx (parasympathetic)

What does the Cranial IX (Glossopharyngeal IX) efferent innervate

skin around the ear, mucosa of pharynx and middle ear, and taste and general sensation for posterior tongue

What does the Cranial IX (Glossopharyngeal IX) afferent innervate

It innervates relevant tissues of the head and neck

Why is the Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal IX) significant to dental professions

Vagus nerve X

Cranial nerve X

both

Cranial nerve X (Vagus X) efferent or afferent

most muscles of soft palate,, pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs

What does the Cranial nerve X (Vagus X) efferent innervate

skin around ear and taste sensation for epiglottis

What does the Cranial nerve X (Vagus X) afferent innervate

it innervates relevant tissues of the head and neck

Why is the Cranial nerve X (Vagus X) significant to dental professions

Accessory nerve XI

Cranial nerve XI

efferent

Cranial nerve XI (Accessory XI) efferent or afferent

muscles of the neck

What doe the Cranial nerve XI (Accessory XI) efferent innervate

Hypoglossal nerve XIII

Cranial nerve XIII

efferent

Cranial nerve XIII (Hypoglossal XIII) efferent or afferent

tongue muscles

What does the Cranial nerve XIII (Hypoglossal XIII) efferent innervate

innervates the tongue

Why is the Cranial nerve XIII

(Hypoglossal XIII) important to dental professionals

The system allows for function of the muscles, tmj, glands of the head and neck. It is also important in pain management that involves administering local anesthesia during treatment. Also, pathology associated with nerves of the head and neck for effective care

Why must dental professionals understand the basic components of the nervous system and location of major nerves in the head and neck

sensory nerve

In what root is the trigeminal ganglion located

Semilunar/gaserian ganglion

What are the other terms used for the trigeminal ganglion

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

What are the three divisions of the sensory root