chapter 2 textbook notes

what are subatomic particles made of?

protons nuetrons electrons

what subatomic particles are in the nucleus?

protons and neutons

positively charged

protons

negatively charged

electrons

no charge

nuetrons

what two subatomic particles have the same mass?

protons and nuetrons

how many electrons can the first shell contain?

2 electrons

how many electrons can the second shell contain

8

atoms have equal numbers of ________ and ________ and are electrically _________

electrons; protons; neutral

ion

an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as a result of having lost or gained electrons

chemical element

pure substance that consists of one type of atom

examples of chemical elements

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

what is carbons atomic number?

6

how many valence electrons does carbon have?

4

how many protons and electrons does carbon have?

6

isotopes

atoms of the same element that have different neutrons

mass number

number of protons + number of nuetrons

chemical compound

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

polar

the unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar

the even sharing of electrons

a compound is ______

made up of two or more elements

ionic bonds

occurs from metal to nonmetal

how are the atoms in compounds held together?

by chemical bonds

ionic bonds

the transfering of electrons

covalent bonds

the sharing of electrons

when do covalent bonds occur?

between two nonmetals

a neutral atom that loses electrons becomes?

positively charged

a neutral atom that gains electrons becomes?

negatively charged

covalent bonds result in what structure?

molecules

water has how many protons and electrons?

8

is water polar or nonpolar?

polar

hydrogen bond

the bond between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to the oxygen atom of another water molecule

cohesion

the attraction between molecules of the same substances

water is ______ cohesive

extremely

what does cohesion produce?

surface tension

why can insects walk on a pond’s surface?

surface tension

why is water’s heat capacity high?

because of hydrogen bonding

adhesion

the attraction between molecules of different substances

mixture

material composed of two or more elements OR compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combines

what are the two types of mixture that can be made with water?

solutions and suspensions

solutions

type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solute

the substance that is dissolved

suspensions

mixtures of water and undissolved materials

the lower the pH the more ____

acidic

the higher the pH the more _____

basic/ alkaline

pure water is what number on the pH scale?

7

acid

any compound that releases H+ ions into solution

base

any compound that produces hydroxide OH- ions in solution

what is the internal pH of most cells in the human body?

between 6.5 and 7.5

controlling pH is important in maintaining what?

homeostasis

buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH

how many valence electrons does carbon have?

4

how are macromolecules produced?

polymerization

polymerization

when monomers are joined together to form polymers

what are the four major groups of macromolecules that are found in living things?

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

what elements are carbohydrates made out of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

sugar, starch and cellulose are considered what macromolecule?

carbohydrates

what are carbohydrates used for?

short term energy use

what are the monomers in starch polymers?

sugar molecules

what are starch, cellulose, and sugar?

polymers of carbohydrates

what are simple sugar molecules known as?

monosaccharides

how do starches form?

when sugar molecules join together in a long chain

disaccharide

a compound made by putting together two simple sugars

pokyssaccharides

macromolecules that are formed by joining together many monosaccharides

animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called _____

glycogen

where is glycogen stored?

in your muscles and they supply energy

what type of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?

complex carbohydrate

what is starch considered?

a polysaccharide and complex carbohydrate

what polysaccharide to plants make?

cellulose

carbohydrate structure

are lipids soluble in water?

no

what do lipids contain

fats, oils, and waxes

what is lipids function?

used to store energy and for long term energy

what are steroids considered?

lipids that function as chemical messengers

what are lipids built from?

fatty acids and glucerol

are unsaturated fats healthy or unhealthy

healthy

are saturated fats healthy or unhealthy

unhealthy

lipids structure

nucleic acids monomers?

nucleotides

what do nucleotides consist of?

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

ATP function

captures and transfers chemical energy

individual nucleotides are formed together by what kind of bond?

covalent bond

nucleotide structure

polymers of nucleic acid

RNA and DNA

nucleic acid function?

transmits genetic material

what elements do proteins contain?

nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

proteins monomers

amino acids

amino acid structure

what links amino acids together?

peptide bonds

what do peptide bonds form?

polypeptides

what are nails made of?

protein

chemical reaction

a process that changes or transforms one set of compounds into another

what are reserved during chemical transformation?

mass and energy

reactants

the elements or compounds that engage in or enter into a chemical reaction

products

the elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction

the combination of iron and oxygen turning into rust is an example of what?

a chemical reaction

how do chemical reactions that release energy occur

on their own

energy releasing reaction

how do chemical reactions that absorb energy occur

they require a source of energy