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what are subatomic particles made of?
protons nuetrons electrons
what subatomic particles are in the nucleus?
protons and neutons
positively charged
protons
negatively charged
electrons
no charge
nuetrons
what two subatomic particles have the same mass?
protons and nuetrons
how many electrons can the first shell contain?
2 electrons
how many electrons can the second shell contain
8
atoms have equal numbers of ________ and ________ and are electrically _________
electrons; protons; neutral
ion
an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as a result of having lost or gained electrons
chemical element
pure substance that consists of one type of atom
examples of chemical elements
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus
what is carbons atomic number?
6
how many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
how many protons and electrons does carbon have?
6
isotopes
atoms of the same element that have different neutrons
mass number
number of protons + number of nuetrons
chemical compound
substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
polar
the unequal sharing of electrons
nonpolar
the even sharing of electrons
a compound is ______
made up of two or more elements
ionic bonds
occurs from metal to nonmetal
how are the atoms in compounds held together?
by chemical bonds
ionic bonds
the transfering of electrons
covalent bonds
the sharing of electrons
when do covalent bonds occur?
between two nonmetals
a neutral atom that loses electrons becomes?
positively charged
a neutral atom that gains electrons becomes?
negatively charged
covalent bonds result in what structure?
molecules
water has how many protons and electrons?
8
is water polar or nonpolar?
polar
hydrogen bond
the bond between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to the oxygen atom of another water molecule
cohesion
the attraction between molecules of the same substances
water is ______ cohesive
extremely
what does cohesion produce?
surface tension
why can insects walk on a pond’s surface?
surface tension
why is water’s heat capacity high?
because of hydrogen bonding
adhesion
the attraction between molecules of different substances
mixture
material composed of two or more elements OR compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combines
what are the two types of mixture that can be made with water?
solutions and suspensions
solutions
type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed
solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
solute
the substance that is dissolved
suspensions
mixtures of water and undissolved materials
the lower the pH the more ____
acidic
the higher the pH the more _____
basic/ alkaline
pure water is what number on the pH scale?
7
acid
any compound that releases H+ ions into solution
base
any compound that produces hydroxide OH- ions in solution
what is the internal pH of most cells in the human body?
between 6.5 and 7.5
controlling pH is important in maintaining what?
homeostasis
buffers
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH
how many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
how are macromolecules produced?
polymerization
polymerization
when monomers are joined together to form polymers
what are the four major groups of macromolecules that are found in living things?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
what elements are carbohydrates made out of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
sugar, starch and cellulose are considered what macromolecule?
carbohydrates
what are carbohydrates used for?
short term energy use
what are the monomers in starch polymers?
sugar molecules
what are starch, cellulose, and sugar?
polymers of carbohydrates
what are simple sugar molecules known as?
monosaccharides
how do starches form?
when sugar molecules join together in a long chain
disaccharide
a compound made by putting together two simple sugars
pokyssaccharides
macromolecules that are formed by joining together many monosaccharides
animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called _____
glycogen
where is glycogen stored?
in your muscles and they supply energy
what type of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?
complex carbohydrate
what is starch considered?
a polysaccharide and complex carbohydrate
what polysaccharide to plants make?
cellulose
carbohydrate structure
are lipids soluble in water?
no
what do lipids contain
fats, oils, and waxes
what is lipids function?
used to store energy and for long term energy
what are steroids considered?
lipids that function as chemical messengers
what are lipids built from?
fatty acids and glucerol
are unsaturated fats healthy or unhealthy
healthy
are saturated fats healthy or unhealthy
unhealthy
lipids structure
nucleic acids monomers?
nucleotides
what do nucleotides consist of?
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
ATP function
captures and transfers chemical energy
individual nucleotides are formed together by what kind of bond?
covalent bond
nucleotide structure
polymers of nucleic acid
RNA and DNA
nucleic acid function?
transmits genetic material
what elements do proteins contain?
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
proteins monomers
amino acids
amino acid structure
what links amino acids together?
peptide bonds
what do peptide bonds form?
polypeptides
what are nails made of?
protein
chemical reaction
a process that changes or transforms one set of compounds into another
what are reserved during chemical transformation?
mass and energy
reactants
the elements or compounds that engage in or enter into a chemical reaction
products
the elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction
the combination of iron and oxygen turning into rust is an example of what?
a chemical reaction
how do chemical reactions that release energy occur
on their own
energy releasing reaction
how do chemical reactions that absorb energy occur
they require a source of energy
