BIOPSYCH Exam 4

amplitude of sound wave

height of a wave, determines loudness/ volume of a sound,

frequency of sound wave

the pitch.

The complexity of a sound wave

perceived as sound quality or resonance

Noise-canceling earphones work by

picking up the sound in the microphone and inverting the waves by sending the sound to the headphone speaker

Speed of sound is affected by

media and temperaature

Why does sound travel faster in liquids than in air?

Why does sound travel faster in hot air rather than cold air?

Decibels

a measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness

Pinnae

external part of the ear

ear canal

Also called auditory canal. The tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane.

tympanic membrane

ear drum, separates outer and middle ear

Vibrates in response to sound waves

Ossicles

Three small bones that transmit vibration across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Malleus

HAMMER: First of three ossicles that is connected to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

incus

ANVIL: second of three ossicles situated between the malleus and the stapes.

stapes

STIRRUP; last of three ossicles that is connected to the oval window.

cochlea

a snail shaped structure in the inner ear that contains primary receptor cells for hearing

Inner Hair Cells (IHC)

one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. Positioned closest to the central axis of the coiled cochlea.
-sensory function: send information to brain
-determine what frequencies of vibration are present

Outer Hair Cells (OHC)

One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. Positioned farther from the coiled cochlea.

cochlear amplifier: amplify the IHC signal by moving the basilar membrane
-increase the range of sounds that are heard (through compression)
-sharpen the response of the IHC
-send some information to the brain

Transduction mechanisms for auditory stimuli (from what type of energy to what type of signal?Where does this occur?)

YOUTUBE transduction in hearing

topographic organization

A major organizational feature in auditory systems in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies.

primary auditory cortex

located on the superior surface of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information

Functions of the Auditory Cortex

• Not necessary for hearing, but for processing the information

• Provides a tonotopic map in which cells in the primary auditory cortex are more responsive to preferred tones Some cells respond better to complex sounds than pure tones

• Damage to A1 does not necessarily cause deafness unless damage extends to the subcortical areas

• Important for the localization of sounds!

CN XIII

vestibulocochlear
hearing and balance

basilar membrane

a structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

Pinna

outer part of the ear

Differences in intensity (interneural intensity)

a perceived difference in loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system uses to localize sounds

Differences in latency (interaural latency)

a difference in time of arrival between the two ears, helps with sound localization

sound shadow

an area of reduced sound intensity around the ear farther away from where a sound originates

echolocation

the process of using reflected sound waves to find objects; used by animals such as bats

conduction deafness

When ears fail to convert sound vibrations in air into waves of fluid in cochlea.

sensineural deafness

caused from permanent damage or destruction of hair cells or by the interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory info to the brain

central deafness

where auditory areas of the brain fail to process and interpret action potentials

Cochlea implants

an electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively simulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surc\=gical procedure

Different frequencies of sounds cause different portions of the \______ \______ to move which starts \________.

basilar membrane, transduction

You are thinking about buying speakers that are advertised to be able to play sounds a wide range of frequencies. What does this mean about the sounds that the speakers can produce?

It can produce sounds of a wide range of pitches

Where is sweet taste perceived?

Anywhere on the tongue where there are taste receptors expressing T1R2+3.

Usually where is the initial site of damage in noise-induced deafness?

Inner hair cells in the cochlear

What does the vomeronasal system detect?

Pheromones

Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular system?

a- Cranial nerve VIII
b- Semicircular canals
c- Cochlear
d- Vestibular sacs

Cochlear

If the ossicles in the middle ear of a person were not functional, which of the following would you predict the person would experience?

Sounds would not be amplified

What do sound latency differences between the two ears allow an organism to do?

Localize sounds

Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel bad when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between \_______ and information.

vestibular; visual

Which of the following does the vestibular system send information to the brain about?

The movement and position of the body.

sensorineural deafness is caused by

by damage to hair cells or interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve carrying information to the brain

Eating a steak would most likely activate which of the following taste receptors?

Umami

Which of the following structures is responsible for the transduction of an auditory stimulus into electrical signals?

Hair cells found in the coclear

Each level of the auditory system shows tonotopic mapping. Which description best describes this?

Different frequencies are spatially arranged

Which lobe is the primary auditory cortex found?

temporal

It has been discovered that pandas have a mutation of the gene that encodes for T1R1. This means they don't have a functional T1R1 protein. Based on this information, which of the following statements would you predict to be most accurate?

a- Pandas have impaired sensitivity to salty-tasting compounds

b- Incorrect Response
Pandas have impaired sensitivity to sweet-tasting compounds

c- Pandas have impaired sensitivity to umami-tasting compounds


d- Pandas have impaired sensitivity to bitter-tasting compounds

c-Pandas have impaired sensitivity to umami-tasting compounds

Which of these statements about olfaction if false?

a- Only odorants that come in contact with receptors in the olfactory epithelium provide olfactory information

b- Once receptors in the olfactory epithelium are destroyed, they do not regenerate

c- Odorants are volatile compounds

d- Retronasal olfaction contributes to providing flavor information about foods that we chew

b- Once receptors in the olfactory epithelium are destroyed, they do not regenerate

In regards to inner hair cell activation, when stereocilia bend towards the tallest stereocillium, which of the following enter the cell to result in depolarization?

Potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions

Although humans have only around 350 olfactory receptor types, why are we able to discriminate at least 5,000 odorants?

Each odor activates a characteristic combination of different kinds of receptor molecules.

The vomeronasal system has been implicated in which of the following processes?

Behavioral and physiological processes related to the timing of puberty

Some sounds are localized by comparing when a sound reaches each ear (e.g. ongoing phase disparity). Which of the following types of sound would be localized in this way?

Low frequency sounds

vestibular system

three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve

Balance

sense of equilibrium maintained by a complex set of systems

Cranial Nerve VII

taste

Cranial Nerve VIII

balance frome ars to brain

CN X

-vagus
-assess mouth for movement of soft palate and the gag reflex
-assess swallowing and speech

semicircular canals

three fluid filled tubes responsible for movement in cert\=ain directions

There is cilia embeded in the

ampula

utricle and saccule

detect linear acceleration

utricle

horizontal movement

saccule

vertical movements

Transduction in vestibular system. WHere does this occur?

motion sickness

discrepancy between visual and vestibular

Movements of the -\___________ relative to the hair cells depolarizes or hyperpolarizes

otoconia

Motion sickness is a result of \________ theory

sensory conflict theory

Sensory conflict theory

a discrepancy between vestibular and visual information

flavor

The sense of taste combined with the sense of smell

Olfaction

The sensory system that detects smell

odorants

airborne chemicals that are detected as odors

Volatility

gaseous particles moving

orthonasal olfaction

The detection of an odor through the nostrils by sniffing or inhalation

retronasal olfaction

The detection of an odorant when it is released from food in your mouth during chewing, exhalation, or swallowing.

Orthonasal and retronasal allow

airflow for the odorants to come in contact with the olfactory epithelium

We have \____ odorant receptors on olfactory epithelium however we can smell more because each receptor can detect multiple.

390

olfactory epithelium

A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions,

olfactory bulb

An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell.

cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

central projects from the olfactory bulb: amygdala, prepyriform cortex, hypothalamus

MEMORIZE

Causes of smell disorders

-Viral infections
-Head trauma
-Exposure to certain
-environmental toxins
- aging

anosmia

inability to smell

Proust effect

memories through taste and olfaction. Named for Marcel Proust

CN I

Olfactory (smell)

vomeronasal system

PHEROMONES
-system found in many amphibians, reptiles, and non human primates Except for birds

vomeronasal system is responsible for

timing of puberty, male and female reproductive behavior, maternal behavior, aggression

vomeronasal system is thought to be involved in

the perception of a chemical stimuli referred to as pheromones

Pheromones

chemical cue specific to a species and sex that impacts upon social, reproductive behavior, or physiology

humans develop a vomeronasal system in utero but it \_______ over time

regresses

Gustation

sense of taste determined by the activation of activated taste receptors on the tongue

taste bud

a cluster of 50-150 cells that detect tastes, they are found in the papillae

taste receptor

chemical receptors on the tongue that decode molecules of food or drink to identify them

taste pore

opening that exposes taste cell microvilli (gustatory hairs) to oral cavity

Lingual taste buds are found on the

papillae

Extralingual taste buds

soft palate, epiglottis, laryngeal epithelium

circumvallate papillae

"island" on posterior dorsal surface of tongue

foliate papillae

on side walls of tongue

fungiform papillae

Knoblike projections on the tongue