9.0: CPU and Motherboard

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System Unit (Chassis)

Case that contains all of the internal hardware (e.g. motherboard, hard disk drive, memory)

Motherboard

• “System board”

• Main circuit board

  • Many electronic components (e.g. processor and memory) are attached here.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• “Processor”

• Brain of the Computer

• calculates and processes information for the computer to function or perform a task.

heatsink

• Covers the motherboard’s CPU socket

  • Absorbs heat from the CPU

fan

• Dissipates the heat

Chipset

• Controls communication between the CPU, memory, storage, and other peripherals

Random Access Memory (RAM)

• “Main memory”

• Temporarily stores data whenever the computer performs operations.

Hard Disk Drive

• Long-term storage

Power Supply/AC adapter

• Converts electricity from the outlet (AC 120 or 220 volts) to a type of power (DC 5-15 volts) that the computer can use.

Expansion slots

Allows users to add various types of expansion cards or adapter cards.

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

Input/output pathway connecting the CPU via the expansion slots to the peripheral devices

Serial Advance Technology Attachment (SATA)

Connects drive disk controllers/host bus adapters with mass storage devices

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS battery)

Keeps all information intact when the entire system is shut down.

Prevents reconfiguration when the PC is off.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Connects devices like keyboards, mice, printers, and external storage for data and charging.

Storage/Disk Port

Ports such as SATA or M.2 used to connect internal and external storage devices for data storage and retrieval

Network/Communication Ports

• Ethernet or Wi-Fi

  • Connects to networks, enabling internet access and exchange between devices.

Audio Port

• 3.5 mm jacks, optical ports

• Used for audio input and output

Video Port

• Transmits video signals to displays like monitors and projectors 

Power Port

• Used for supplying electricity to devices and charging batteries

Processor

• Interprets and caries out basic instructions that operate a computer

• On large computer systems, its actions extend over many separate chips and multiple circuit boards.

Microprocessor

• On a personal computer system

• All its functions are usually on a single chip

Multicore processor

• A single chip with two or more cores.

Control Unit

• Component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operation of the computer

• Interprets each instruction made by a program > initiates the appropriate action to carry out said instruction

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logic operations (greater than, less than, equal to)

Machine Cycle

Fetching, Decoding, Executing, Storing

Fetching

Obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory

Decoding

Translating the instruction into signals the computer can execute

Executing 

Carrying out commands

Storing

Writing results back to memory

Register

• Small, high-speed storage

  • Temporarily hold data and instructions

Program Counter

keeps track of the program sequence, by storing the address of the instruction currently being executed.

Instruction Register

Stores the instruction itself to be executed

Accumulator Register

Holds the results of a calculation

Memory Buffer Register

Stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access storage

Memory Address Register

holds the address of the memory location to be accessed

System Clock

• Controls timing of all computer operations

• Generates regular electronic pulses or ticks that set the operating pace of components of the system unit

Superscalar

Processors can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle

Clock Speed

• Measured by no. of ticks per second

• Gigahertz (billions of cycles)

• The faster, the more instructions the processor can execute per second