Thank you for Arguing Cumulative Review

What tense do most productive arguments use

Future

What is rhetoric

The art of Persuasion

Aristotle's three main traits of credible leadership

Virtue, disinterest and practical wisdom

What is the difference between a fight and an argument

In a fight each disputant tries to win. In an argument they try to win over an audience

You succeed in an argument when you...

Persuade your audience

You win a fight when you...

Dominate the enemy

What is conceding a point

To agree with an opponent tactically

What are Cicero's 3 goals of persuading people

Stimulate your audiences emotions, change in opinion, and get them to act

What are the three core categories (issues) of persuasion

Blame, values, choice

What tense do these categories favor

Blame=past, values=present, choice=future

What suggestion does Heinrichs make when arguing turns to fighting

Switch the tense

What is arguments rule #1

Never debate the undebatable

What is wrong with most arguments

They take place in the wrong tense

Aristotle's 3 most powerful tools of persuasion

Argument by character, logic, and emotion

What is logos, pathos,'and ethos

Ethos- argument by character

Pathos- argument by emotion

Logos- argument by logic

The most powerful logos tool

Concession

The most important pathos tactic

Sympathy

What is the word that Heinrichs uses for character based agreeability

Decorum

Persuasion does not depend on being true to yourself; it depends on being

True to your audience

What is the perfect audience

Receptive, attentive, and well disposed towards you

3 traits of persuasive persuasive leadership

Cause (virtue), practical wisdom(craft) and disinterest

Today we are more likely to use what word, rather than virtue, when referring to rhetorical persuasion

Values

What beats bragging

Character reference

What is another technique that can boost rhetorical virtue

Changing your position

Second major element of ethos

Practical wisdom or craft

What does your audience think when you have practical wisdom

That you know your craft and that you can solve the problem on hand

3 tools to get an audience to trust your decision

Show off your experience, bend the rules, and seem to take the middle course

Every proposal should have what 3 parts

Payoffs, do ability, and superiority

How can you make your audience believe in your selflessness

Seem wholly objective or notably self-sacrificing

Tactics to demonstrate disinterest

The reluctant conclusion, personal sacrifice, and dubitiato

Ideal state of persuadeability

Attentive, trusting, and willing to be persuaded

Where does emotion come from

Experience and expectations

What argument tool is better than ranting or name-calling

Storytelling

Pathos depends on controlling your emotions and being understated. What kind of speech should you use?

Simple

What emotion works best in persuasiveness. What is its problem

Humor. It calms people down and it makes you seem above petty problems. It is awful at motivating any action

What is the easiest way to stimulate anger

Frustrate the ability to assuage their desire

What effect does passive voice have

It calms emotions

3 ways to achieve comfort (cognitive ease) in your audience

Keep everything simple, make your audience feel powerful, smile

How can you give an angry audience a sense of control

Humor

What rhetorical mistake can be fatal

To pitch an argument that sounds persuasive to themselves, but not the audience

What is a commonplace

A viewpoint your audience holds in common

What is the commonplace's evil twin

Stereotype

A recommended way to spot a commonplace

When your audience speaks the same thing over and over they are probably mouthing a commonplace (babbling)

What is labeling

The rhetorical practice of attaching a pejorative term to a person or concept

Framing techniques

Commonplace words, broadest context, deal with the specific problem, speak in the future tense

Why should you switch debate to future tense

So your audience can make a decision for the future

What does deductive logic start and begin with

Premise and ends with a conclusion

What does inductive logic begin with and move towards

Takes specific cases to prove a premise or conclusion

What is an enthymeme

A logic sandwich that slaps a commonplace and a conclusion together

What can be used to create a rhetorical example

Facts, comparisons, and stories

3 questions to ask to determine if the argument contains a fallacy

Does the proof hold up? Am I given the right number of choices, does the proof lead up to the conclusion

All fallacies result from a breakdown between what and what

Proof and conclusion

While logic has many rules argument only has one:

Never argue the unarguable

What was the mistake that the presidential candidate Michael Dukakis made to Bennett shaw?

Pointed out a fallacy, but did not do anything rhetorical

What suggestion does Heinrichs make for when someone takes offense at something you said

Say "I'm sorry, how would you have put it?" Put your own words in their mouth

What is the central weakness of rhetorical fouls

Speaking in a tense that does not fit

Virtue is a state of character, concerned with

Choice

What are the tests for determining someone's trustworthiness and sincerity

To see if they can find the sweet spots between extremes

What problem does rhetoric allow you to skip to focus on the person

Truth

What is the "that depends" rule of practical wisdom

Size up the problem before answering it

The second greatest component of phronesis (practical wisdom)

A tale of comparable experience

What is the greatest phronesis ability a persuader can have

Sussing ability

3 varieties of figure

Speech, thought, and tropes

How does a figure of thought differ from a figure of speech

Figures of speech mess around with words while figures of thought are logical and emotional tactics.

Figures of thought

Ready made schemes of using logos and pathos on the fly

Define a trope and give an example

Tropes swap one image or concept for another (metaphors)

What is the identity strategy

Get your audience to identify with your decision

Code grooming

Using insider language to get an audience to identity with you and your idea

What are the "monsters" we should avoid, especially when fending off accusations

Avoiding harmful words

In rhetoric, the persuader speaks what language

The language of the audience

Irony is a language tool that combines and excludes. How does it do that?

It bonds people together, but anyone who doesn't understand it it excludes

What is the surest way to commit an audience to an action

To get them to identify with it

What advice does Heinrichs offer to avoid being a victim of marketers

List the words that make you feel good about yourself and you will feel conscious when they are used

What is a halo

A trope that serves as a badge of honor for those who follow you-- attaches your symbol to your audiences identity

3 steps of a halo

Define the issues in the plainest terms, find the values, symbolize the values

What technique will help you figure out an identity

Get people to describe themselves. The first thing they mention gives you the best sense of who they are

An important element of practical wisdom

Adaptabiltuy

Kairos

The art of seizing the perfect instant for persuasion

When is the best time to speak and be the most persuasive

When the audiences mood or beliefs are on the move

When is the best time to send an important email

Lunchtime

What signals a persuadable moment

Changing of circumstances or moods

What factors does Heinrichs mean by mediums

Choosing the proper channel in which to communicate. One with proper emphasis on ethos, logos, pathos, with perfect timing for the moment

How can you create a persuadable moment

By changing or pinpointing your audience

What factors should be considered when choosing a medium

Timing, kind of appeal, sort of gestures

Email is a bad choice for communicating what

Emotions

Texting is mostly about

Identity

5 canons of persuasion

Invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery

First part of invention

What do I want

Next steps of invention

Nail down the issue and think about the audiences values

What should you be prepared to do

Argue both sides of the case

Rule of thumb for organizing a speech

Introduction- the ethos part

Narration- statement of facts

Division- compare and contrast

Proof- getting the argument and your examples

Refutation- destroy your opponents arguments here

Conclusion- restate your points, get a little emotional

5 virtues of style

Proper language, clarity, vividness, decorum, and ornament

Delivery has to do with what

Body language, along with voice, rhythms and breathing