chapter 2 body structures oncology and laboratory tests

cell

basic unit of all living things. the human body is composed of trillions of cells, which vary in size and shape according to function

cell membrane

forms the boundary of the cell

nucleus

largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. it contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center for cellular activity

cytoplasm

gel-like fluid inside the cell

Chromosomes

located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.

genes

regions within the chromosome. Each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics.

DNA

comprise each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activity of the cell. DNA abbreviates deoxyribonucleic acid

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

muscle tissue

composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement

nervous tissue

similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function; found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.

connective tissue

connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures. adipose (fat), osseous (bone), tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue. fibrous tissue is a type of connective tissue that provides strength and stability such as in ligaments and tendons

Epithial tissue

The major covering of the external surface of the body. Forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue and glands. Glandular tissue is designed to secrete substances such as digestive enzymes

chromos

color

soma

body

organ

two or more types of tissues that together perform special body functions. for example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

viscera

large internal organs contained in the body cavities, especially in the abdominal cavity

system

group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. for example, cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. its function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Integumentary system

composed of skin, nails, and gland. forms a protective covering for the body, regulates body temperature, and helps manufacture vitamin D

respiratory system

composed of noes, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. performs respiration, which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body

urinary system

composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. removes waste material (urine) from the body, regulates fluid volume, and maintains electrolyte concentration

reproductive system

Female reproductive system is comprised of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Male reproductive system is comprised of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and associated tubes. Responsible for heredity and reproduction

cardiovascular system

Composed of the heart and blood vessels. Pumps and transports blood throughout the body

Lyphatic/Immune System

Composed of a network of vessels, ducks, nodes, and organs. Provides for defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid

digestive system

Composed of the Gastrointestinal track, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus, plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Prepares food for used by the body cells and eliminates waste

Musculoskeletal system

Composed of muscles, bones, and joints. Provides movement in framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells

Nervous system

Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Regulate specific body activities by sending and receiving messages. Sensory organs, such as the eye and ear, are also part of the nerves

endocrine system

Composed of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate many specific body activities

cranial cavity

space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain

spinal cavity

space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area

abdominal cavity

Space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters

pelvic cavity

Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the anus

abdominopelvic cavity

both the pelvic and abdominal cavities

aden/o

gland

cyt/o

cell

epitheli/o

epithelium

fibr/o

fiber

hemat/o

blood

hist/o

tissue

lip/o

fat

my/o

muscle

neur/o

nerve

organ/o

organ

sarc/o

connective tissue (flesh)

system/o

system

viscer/o

internal organs

aut/o

self

bi/o

life

cancer/o

cancer

carcin/o

cancer

crypt/o

hidden

necr/o

death (of cells, body)

eti/o

cause (of disease)

gno/o

knowledge

iatr/o

physician, medicine. also means treatment

lei/o

smooth

onc/o

tumor, mass

path/o

disease

rhabd/o

rod-shaped, striated

somat/o

body

vir/o

virus

cyan/o

blue

erythr/o

red

leuk/o

white

melan/o

black

xanth/o

yellow

dia-

through, complete

dys-

painful, abnormal, difficult, labored

hyper-

above, excessive

hypo-

below, incomplete, deficient, under

meta-

after, beyond, change

micro-

small

neo-

new

pro-

before

-al, -ic, -ous

pertaining to

-cyte

cell

-gen

substance or agent that produces or causes

-genic

producing, originating, causing

-logist

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)

-logy

study of

-megaly

enlargement

-oid

resembling

-oma

tumor, swelling

-opsy

view of, viewing

-osis

abnormal condition. but means increase when used with blood cell word roots

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

-plasm

growth, substance, formation

-sarcoma

malignant tumor

-sis

state of

-stasis

control, stop, standing

cytogenic

producing cells

cytology

study of cells

dysplasia

abnormal development

epithelial

pertaining to epithelium

erythrocyte (RBC)

red (blood) cell

erythrocytosis

increase in the number of red (blood) cells

histology

study of tissues

hyperplasia

excessive development (number of cells)