bio final

Photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight \---\> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

What is the function of photosynthesis?

Convert solar energy into chemical energy and then store that chemical energy for future use.

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Water and Carbon Dioxide

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

What is the purpose of a chloroplast?

Convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

Location of chloroplasts

Occur within the cytoplasm of a cell

Chloroplast components

An outer membrane, an inner membrane, grana, and the stroma

What is in a plant cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

What is in an animal cell?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

What is the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Plant cells have a cell wall, large vacuoles, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll.

What is ATP-chemical energy?

The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Formula for Cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --\> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

What is asexual reproduction?

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent

What is sexual reproduction?

Reproduction involving 2 parent organisms combining genetic material to create diverse offspring.

What is chromatin?

uncoiled DNA

What is a chromosome?

A coiled up piece of DNA that has genes that code for traits.

chromosome structure

Chromosomes are thread-like structures present in the nucleus

What is a centromere?

The centromere holds the sister chromatids together (made of protein)

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

G1 phase

cell grows

Synthesis Phase (S Phase)

DNA replication

G2 phase

organelles replicate

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Prophase(mitosis)

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase(mitosis)

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase(mitosis)

Which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telophase(mitosis)

In which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Cytokinesis(mitosis)

division of the cytoplasm

Sister chromatids

2 identical copies of DNA

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Spindle Fibers

a group of filaments that form during the division process

Checkpoint

place where cell fixes problem or tells the cell to die

Tumor

mass of cells with no purpose

Benign tumor

slow growing, doesn't spread

Malignant tumor

leads to rapid cell division, spreads

Metastasis

spreading of cells, cells spread in circulatory and lymphatic(immune) system

Carcinogen

a mutagen that causes cancer

Treatments

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

Describe the structure of DNA.

it is an antiparallel double helix

Double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

DNA's function

store genetic information

Nucleotide

one nitrogen base, one phosphate sugar, and one deoxyribose

Nitrogen bases

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Which nitrogen base pairs with adenine?

Thymine

Which nitrogen base pairs with cytosine?

Guanine

Complementary base pairs

when two nitrogen bases are together

Replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

Chromosomes (DNA)

Genetic information found in the nucleus

Number of chromosomes in somatic cell

46

Eukaryotes

Cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei

Meiosis

process of making gametes

Gametes

sex cells

Somatic cells

body cells

Genetic variation

the variety of different types of genes in a species or population.

Meiosis 1

mom and dad chromosomes separate

Prophase 1

crossing over occurs; produces new gene combinations

Crossing over

gene exchange between mom and dad chromosomes

Metaphase 1

mom and dad chromosomes line up at the equator

Anaphase 1

mom and dad chromosomes separate

Telophase 1

cytoplasm divides; 2 haploid cells are formed

Meiosis 2

sister chromatids are separate at the centromere

Prophase 2

new spindle forms

Metaphase 2

sister chromatids line up at equator and attach to spindle at centromere

Telokinesis

cytokinesis occurs; 4 haploid cells are formed

Diploid (2N)

cells that have a complete set of chromosome (46)

Haploid (N)

cells that have half the number of chromosomes (23)

Homologues

chromosomes that are given the same number, but are of opposite parental origin

Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Tetrads

the paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids

Penis

Male reproductive organ

Seminiferous tubules

produce sperm

Epdidymis

carries and stores sperm cells that are created in the testes

Scrotum

it stores the developed sperm

Vas deferenes

a tube that carries the sperm out of the testes

Prostate gland

a gland that produces a fluid that helps keep sperm alive

Cowper's gland

produces thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation

Seminal vesicle gland

produces majority of semen

Acrosome

a vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg

Flagellum

a long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

Sperm

male gamete

Testis/ Testicles

where sperm is produced

Urethra

tube where urine leaves the body

Semen

the fluid that is released throught the penis, it contains the sperm

Testosterone

male sex hormone

Ovum/Ova

mature female cell

Ovary/Ovaries

one pair of female glands where the eggs form and estrogen

Follicle

a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)

Fimbriae

finger-like projections that move ovum to fallopian tube

Fallopian tubes/oviducts

one of two longer, slender tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus; the egg fertilizes here

Uterus/Womb

the hollow, pear-shaped organ in a women's pelvic

Endometrium/Uterine Lining

inner lining of the uterus

Cervix

the opening to the uterus

Vagina/Birth canal

the muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside body

labia/vulva

folds of skin that cover/protect opening to vagina

Estrogen

a hormone that helps develop and maintain female secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

a hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.

Ovarian cycle

the growth and maturation of an oocyte in preparation for fertilization and reproduction

Menstruation cycle (uterine cycle)

the process of ovulation and menstruation in women