C.A. Exam 2 material

what nerve runs through the branchiomeric mucles in squalus

cranial nerves

what operates to close the squalus mouth

visceral Arch 1, mandibular arch

what works together to cooperate and compress gill pouches

Visceral Arch II-Hyoid arch

what muscles make up the hyoid arch/visceral arch II

levator hyoideus, levator hyomandibulae, interhyoideus

what muscles make up the mandibular arch/visceral arch I

levator palatoquadrati, spiracularis, adductor mandibulae, intermandibularis

what are the muscles of the hamstring group

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor longus, tensor fascia latae

what are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris group

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

what is the membrane the extends from the dorsal body wall to the dorsal surface of esophagus and stomach (squalus)

greater omentum

what extends from the liver to the duodenum (squalus)

lesser omentum

what supports the length of the valvular intestine

mesentary proper

what supports the rectal gland and rectum (squalus)

mesocolon

what is the ligament that is at the anterior end of the liver and goes to the midventral body wall

the falciform ligament

what is the opening to the peritoneal cavity

ostium tubae

when (what type of organism) are the falciform ligament and ostium tube found

Pregnant female squalus only

what kind of dentition do squalus have

true, homodont, polyphyodont teeth, teeth that are replaced throughout the life of the animal

what does homodont mean

all teeth have similar shape throughout buccal cavity

what are true teeth homologous to

placoid scales

what are true teeth made of

enamel, dentin, pulp

what are papillae (squalus)

fingerlike projections that line esophagus to assist swallowing

what are rugae (squalus)

folded lining of the stomach which allows for distention so the animal can overfeed

which portion of the stomach is responsible for the serous secretion (squalus)

cardiac region

what is the cardiac region of the stomach for (squalus)

serous secretion

what is the curve of J portion the stomach and what is it responsible for (squalus)

pyloric region; mucus secretion

what divides the stomach from the duodenum and what does this control (squalus)

pyloric sphincter; controls passage of digestion

what kind of intestines do squalus have

valvular intestines

what is the anal opening to the cloaca and where is it (squalus)

coprodeum; ventral

what is the urogenital opening into the cloaca and where is it (squalus)

urodenum; dorsal

what does the pancreas secrete for exocrine functions (squalus)

lipases, proteases, amylases

what connects the lobes of the pancreas (squalus)

isthmus

what increases buccal volume and what does this cause (squalus)

open mouth and spiracle and shut gill slits; this causes water pressure to decrease and water flowing into the mouth

how does the squalus perform gas exchange

compression of buccal floor, expansion of parabranchial chamber; decreases buccal volume, increases buccal water pressure, forces water into parabranchial chamber, gases exchanged as water goes from buccal to parabranchial chamber

how does the squalus "exhale"

mouth and spiracle close, external gill slits open, compression of parabranchial chamber and water exits the external gill slits

where is the parabranchial chamber (squalus)

between the gills and the body wall

how many internal gill slits does the squalus have

5

what are the primary filaments on both sides of the septum (squalus)

holobranchs

what are the primary filaments on one side (squalus)

hemibranchs

which are the hemibranchs (squalus)

spiracle and the 6th gill

what supplies blood to the secondary filaments (squalus)

afferent branchial artery

what kind of exchange does the squalus have regarding respiration

countercurrent

which direction do the blood and water flow in the squalus

water: buccal-parabranchial direction

blood: parabranchial-buccal direction

what divides the pericardial region from the pleuroperitoneal cavity (necturus)

Transverse septum

what is connected from the midventral body wall to the liver (necturus)

falciform ligament

what suspends the testes from the dorsal body wall (necturus)

mesorchium

what suspends the ovaries from the dorsal body wall (necturus)

mesovarium

what supports the small intestines (necturus)

mesentery proper

what supports the large intestine (necturus)

mesocolon

what suspends the lungs (necturus)

pulmonary ligament

what kind of dentition do necturus have

teeth are pedicellate and homodont, with two rows on the upper jaw and one on the lower jaw

what empties bile into the duodenum (necturus)

common bile duct

where do amphibians get most of their respiration

their skin

gills + skin = ____ % respiration (necturus)

90

necturus lungs are special because

they have no alveoli and barely do any respiration

what lines the body cavity and is shiny (felis)

parietal layer serosa

what is reflected onto visceral organs (felis)

visceral layer serosa

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (felis)

diaphragm

what is the mediastimum (felis)

the dorsal surface between plural cavities; containing the pericardial cavity with esophagus, trachea, and endocrine organs

what is the cavity for each lung (felis)

pleural cavity

what is the cavity that contains the heart (felis)

pericardial cavity

what systems does the abdominopelvic cavity house (felis)

digestive and urogenital (respectively)

what membrane is in front of the heart, that joins the left and right parietal pleurae (felis)

the mediastinal septum

what attaches the lung to the dorsal wall of the pleural cavity (felis)

pulmonary ligament

what covers the heart (felis)

pericardium

what connects the liver to the diaphragm (felis)

falciform ligament

what encompasses the stomach, duodenum, and liver surfaces (felis)

lesser omentum

what supports the large intestine (felis)

mesocolon

what supports the small intestines and contains lymph nodes (felis)

messentary proper

what supports urinary bladder ventrally and laterally (felis)

vesical ligaments

what supports the uterus, ovary, and oviducts (felis)

broad ligament female

what attaches the ovary to the body wall (felis)

suspensory ovarian ligament

what gland is along the mandible and small (felis)

mandibular salivary gland

which gland is on the lateral surface of the head and large (felis)

parotid salivary gland

what kind of dentition does the felis have

heterodont, specialized teeth

what are the types of teeth the felis have

incisors, canines, premolars, molars, carnassial

what are the types of lingual papilla (felis)

filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate

what is specialized about the hard palate in felis

it has rugae

what are the three types of pharynx in felis

Naso, oro, laryngo

where is the nasopharynx (felis)

choanae to free edge of soft palate

where is the oropharynx (felis)

root of tongue to edge of soft palate

where is the laryngopharynx (felis)

epiglottis to glottis

Where are the palatine tonsils?

Palatine Tonsils

Position: located in oropharynx, lymphoid tissue

what are the two sides of the stomach (felis)

Great curvature and lesser curvature

what is the greater curvature (felis)

left margin and convex in shape

what is the lesser curvature (felis)

right margin and concave in shape

what is the function of the cardiac region of the stomach (felis)

protects the esophagus

what regulates flow of luminal contents from small to large intestines to prevent reflux (felis)

Ileocecal valve

how does the pancreas connect to the large intestine (felis)

the main pancreatic duct empties into the common bile duct which empties into the duodenum

What is the function of the epiglottic cartilage (felis)

strengthens epiglottis

what covers the trachea during eating

epiglottis

Function: covers glottis during swallowing

what is the difference between the true and false vocal chords (felis)

True: whitish more posterior to false

False: tannish

what kind of cartilage does the trachea have (felis)

C-shaped cartilage rings

How are the lungs developed from trachea

Trachea divides into primary bronchi, then divided into secondary bronchi, then tertiary bronchi, then bronchioles, then aveolar ducts

what passes through the diaphragm (felis)

the esophagus, posterior vena cava, and aorta

what phylum are acorn worms

hemichordata

what do acorn worms resemble

cephalochordates and larval urochordates

Why are acorn worms not included in phylum Chordata?

the stomochord is not homologous to the notochord and the nerve cord is too dissimilar in location and histology to be homologous to the dorsal nerve cord (and no post anal tail)

what phylum and subphylum are tunicates in

Phylum: Cordata

subphylum: urochordata

why are tunicates considered chordates

during larval stages of life, they resemble chordates but the notochord is only present in tail

what phylum and subphylum are lancelets in

Phylum: chordata

Subphylum: cephalochordata

what is an example of a lancelet

amphioxus

where does the term cephalochordata come from

in cephalochordates the notochord extends the entire body (cephalic to caudal)