IMD 1000 Midterm

Interactive

Allowing a two-way flow of information between a computer and a computer-user; responding to a user's input

Multimedia

Using more than one medium of expression or communication

Design (Verb)

Do or plan (something) with a specific purpose or intention in mind

Design (Noun)

Purpose, planning, or intention that exists or is thought to exist behind an action, fact, or material object.

intellectual property

Intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form and includes copyrights, trademarks, and patents

Industrial intellectual property

includes patents, industrial designs, trademarks and wordmarks

Patents

A time-limited, legal right to exclude others

from making, using and selling an invention. Giving the Creator exclusive rights to make or sell inventions

must be new, useful and inventive

what does the invention need in order to be patented?

Industrial designs

visual features of a product that appeals to the eye. Must be distinctive, but doesn't have to be new

Trademarks

A combination of words and symbols to distinguish goods or services of one person or organization from those of others.

Copyright

Provides protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works and other subject-matter. Allowing you to control your work: how it's distributed, how it's reproduced.

wordmarks

a font used for logos that is recognizable (ex FedEx)

Not covered by copyright?

Facts and theories, short phrases, ideas, government works, names and titles, slogans, methods and mergers doctrine

Copyright Requirements

Be original

Involve effort

Be creative to a minimal degree

Be a fixed or tangible form of expression

Merger doctrine

When there is only one or a limited

number of ways to express an idea,

copyright law will not protect the

expression because it has become

synonymous with the idea.

Free to use patents

companies like tesla can release their patents to the public to encourage their creation

50 years after the creator's death

Copyright Duration Canada?

All in the Public Domain

In the US, what are the copyright rules for before 1923?

Public domain 70 years after the creators death

In the US, what are the copyright rules for after 1977?

Copyright your work you do for a company?

Typically, all work done by an employee at the workplace belongs to the employer (exceptions for article and other contributions to newspapers, magazines, etc.)

Public domain 95 years after the initial copyright

In the US, what are the copyright rules for between 1923-1977?

Independent contractor copyright?

all work done within the scope of the project belongs to the employer. They have the copyright. You can't copyright it yourself unless it's part of a larger body of work.

Joint work copyright

The copyright is either maintained to the creator or the team are co-owners. If the work can be split into who did what then owners own the copyright for their part

Creative commons

Public work/creations that immediately go to the public domain by the creators choice

permission

the explicit right to use copyrighted materials

Licensing or Clearance

the act of getting permission for copyrighted work

infringement

using copyrighted material without permission

releases

the permission to use the likeness (ex models and photos)

indemnity

the legal exemption from liability

Duration

the 'term' (Time limit) of the license

Location

Where you are allowed to use copyrighted material (Geographically)

Exclusivity

only you can use the copyrighted material

Public Domain

Creative work that's not copyrighted or the copyright is expired and therefore free for you to use whenever you want.

Copyright length with multiple authors

expires 50 years after death of last living author

Is it fair dealings?

Purpose: Research, private study, criticism, review, or

reporting?

Character: What is the intent?

Amount: How much will you use?

Alternatives: Can you ?

Nature of the work?

Effect: Will it have a negative impact?

computer architecture

A set of rules and methods that describes the function, organization and implementation of computer systems

Architecture

The complex or carefully designed structure of something

fair dealing/fair use

Under the use of parody, news reporting, research, and education, copyright does not apply

The role of a computer architect

to design and build computers that meet the manufacturing, design, reliability, efficiency and cost standards

Considerations of computer architects: Different Demands

What will the computer be doing and what software and hardware should be prioritized? desktop, mobile,

microcontrollers, ASICs, etc.

Considerations of computer architects: Rapidly Changing Technologies

When will a better option be availble? When will the architecture become obsolete?

Considerations of computer architects: Competing Pressures

The reliability, accuracy and functionality of the computer in a competitive market

Different applications

Consider the applications of the device. Desktop, mobile, business and personal requirements for a computer?

rate of change

The consideration of how fast technology is improving

input systems

the way users can input commands, ex keyboard and mouse

processing

the way computers process the information from the user, ex CPU and GPU

CPU

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer.

GPU

Graphics Processing Unit; transforms data into pixels that are displayed on the monitor

TPU

Tensor Processing Unit

Output

the result of a computer's processing, being displayed by images or audio

Storage

The way the computer keeps information for later applications, ex RAM and USBs

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Computer location where instructions and data are stored on a temporary basis. This memory is volatile. Deletes when a computer is turned off.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Permanent storage; instructions are burned onto chips by the manufacturer.

Software

the programs and other operating information used by a computer to make it useful and functional

Hardware

the physical parts of a computer

planned obsolescence

the practice of modifying products so those that have already been sold become obsolete before they actually need replacement

Bits

The smallest unit of data in a computer

Bytes

a group of 8 bits

Binary

This number system is base 2, using only bits 0 and 1. Most basic computer language.

Gigabyte

1 billion bytes, 4 hours of netflix

terabyte

1 trillion bytes, big storage

Common Compression Media Types

Images: jpeg, png, gif

Videos: mpeg 1, 2, 4, 7 (21)

Audio: mp3, m4a

Data files: rar, zip (lzw)

Temporal coherence

Similarity with neighbour over time. Reduce redundancy between frames, which often have lots in common.

Instead of storing data for every pixel, each macroblock gets instructions on how to change from their current state using keyframes.

Keyframes

Shows where the key (most important) actions occur.

Petabyte

1 quadrillion bytes, all of spotify

Chroma Subsampling

color compression. Divide the image into macroblocks to reduce file size

Lossless Compression

Data compression techniques in which no data is lost.

lower compression = bigger files = less loss

Lossy Compression

(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content.

Spatial coherence

Similarity with neighbour across space. Reduces redundancy through chroma subsampling.

characters

a basic data unit in the input stream that forms words and phrase

strings

A sequence of characters

encoding

the processing of information so that it can be stored, compression

decoding

the decompression of a message or data

codeword

data used to present input characters or strings data elements used to represent input characters or character strings

Process

The encoder takes strings as input and uses a codetable to decide on which codewords to produce.

The decoder takes codewords as input and uses same codetable to decide on which characters to produce to recreate the string

Codetable

stores the mapping between display values and stored values