psyc midterm 2

Consciouness

Person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

Phenomenology

Focus on description rather than explanation, how things are seem.

Problem of other minds

Difficult of perceiving consciousness in others.

3 problems of other minds

people judge minds in serval ways, different capacities for experience and agency.

Capacity for experience

feel pain, hunger, and fear

Capacity for Agency

Self-control, memory, thought

Mind-body problem

Mind is what the brain does

Turing Test

Tests if AI has intelligence by seeing if there is a noticeable different between an AI response and human

EEG’s

Measure brain activity by picking up electrical activity when trying to produce muscle movement

Intentionality

Being directed at one object at a time. Can be automatically focused on occurrence of danger.

Unity

Integrates information to form a single impression

Selectivity

Ability to exclude some objects to focus on others. Ex: Dichotic listening & Cocktail phenomenon

Transience

Tendency to change (stream of consciousness)

Minimal Consciousness

low level sensory awareness

full consciousness

knows and can report current mental state

Self-consciousness

Distinct level of consciousness. Attention is drawn to one self as an object.

Ecological Momentary Assessment [EMA]

A way to report consciousness

Daydreaming

A state of flow where a purposeless flow of thoughts come to mind

Default Network

Most active when people are not engaged in a task

Rumination

Obsessively thinking about something

Mental Control

Attempt to control/ change conscious state of mind. Is ironic because trying to prevent a certain result often causes it.

Thought suppression

Tendency to return to consciousness when trying to suppress something

Dynamic unconscious

Active system encompassing a life time of hidden memories

Freudian slip

A meaningful mistake in speech

Repression

Process that moves unacceptable thoughts to unconscious and keeps them there.

Cognitive Unconscious

All mental process that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices & emotions.

Daniel Kahneman

Founded dual process theory. Two separate systems in brain for processing information.

Hypnagogic

Pre-sleep consciousness

Hypnotic Jerk

Sudden quiver or sensation of dropping

Hypnopompic

Post-sleep consciousness

Sleep Cycle

Sequence of events that occur when unconscious

Circadian Rhythm

Natural “24” hour cycle

REM ( rapid eye movement )

Highest level of Brian activity when sleeping and most likely to dream

EOG (electroculograph)

measures eye movements

Lymphatic system

Main system active during sleep. Eliminates waste & restores amino acids

REM sleep deprivation

Causes most detrimental effects to one’s mental state, mood, and mind

Deep Seep Disruption

Causes physical problems, fatigue, hypersensitive

Sleep disorders

Insomnia, apnea, sleep walking, narcolepsy, paralysis, night terrors

Threat Simulation Theory

Dreams are a simulation of possible threats to practice escaping

Neuro-cognitive theory

Because attention is not required when unconscious the default network takes over and leads to imagination and dreaming

Sleep apnea

the stoppage of breathing while sleeping

Sleep insomnia

the inability to sleep

Narcolepsy

Suddenly falling asleep

Somnabulism

Sleep walking

learning

acquisition, from experience of new knowledge, skills, or a change in behavior, that’s relatively permanent

habituation

Repeated or prolonged exposure to something reduces responses to it

Sensitization

Repeated or prolonged stimulus leads to higher response

Classical Conditioning

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a reponse

Unconditioned Response

Reliably proceeds a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Unconditioned Response

Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced

Conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that can eventually stimulate a conditioned response

conditioned response

A response set to occur in the presence of a neutral stimulus trained to associate with

Acquisition phase

When conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together

Extinction

Gradual elimination of learned response that occurs when unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented

Second order conditioning

when a conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a conditioned response after some time of the unconditioned response being removed

Generalization

Even thought conditioned stimulus is changed slightly the conditioned response may still be observed

Discrimination

Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Little Albert by Watson & Rayner

conditioned a boy to be scared of rats by striking of noise. generalized results to similar animals such as rabbits

Robert Rescorla & Allan Wagner

First to theorize that classical conditions occurs when an animal has learned to set up an expectation. Introduced cognitive composer for classical conditioning

Cerebullum

Excited by eyeblinks in classical conditioning

Amygdala

Responsible for fear conditioning

Thorndyke’s puzzle box

Tested the time it took for a cat to escape a box. Found that the cat will eventually learned that certain movements have specific results

Law of Effect

Behaviors that are followed by satisfying state of affairs will be repeated & rule follows inversely. ( Edward Thorndyke )

Operant conditioning

learning in which result determines if behavior will be repeated

Reinforcer

increases the likelihood of a behavior

Punishment

decreases the likelihood of a behavior

primary reinforcements

satisfy biology needs

secondary reinforcement

associated with primary reinforces through classical conditioning

Reinforcement fact

Delayed reinforcement reduces effectiveness

Negative stimulus

removes a stimulus

positive stimulus

adds a stimulus

Operant conditioning

Learning takes place in context, not in free range of any plausible reaction. same response different context = different response.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Organism responds in the pattern with which reinforcement was applied

Interval schedules

time between reinforcements.

Fixed interval

fixed time periods. Results in no new behavior really soon after reward

Variable INterval

Average time passed since last reinforcement.

Ratio SChedule

Ratio of responses to reinforcement

Fixed ratio

reward every 4 or 8 responses

Variable ratio

Based on an average and has a larger range

Intermittent reinforcement

when only some responses made result in reinforcement. Difficult to go extinct

Shaping

learning by reward of eah=ch successive steps

Superstitious behavior

rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if accidentally rewarded

Edward Toman

coined latent learning and cognitive map

Latent Learning

something is learned but not manifested as a behavior change until some time in the future

cognitive map

map of the physical features of the enviornment

Limbic system

Location of pleasure centers. Found by James Olds & his colleagues

Emotion

a temporary state that concludes subjective experiences, psychological activity, and prepares people to act.

Facts of Emotions

has no specific brain location, no way to measure it, contains mental & physical features, a response to appraisals

Appraisals

Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of emotion-relevant aspects of an event

Action Tendency

Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

Map of emotions (feeling-scope)

2D relationship between emotions based on similarity

William James & Carl Lange Theory

Feelings are the perception of our body's response to a stimulus. Assumes stimulus activates ANS which produces an emotional response in the brain

Cannon-Bard Theory

Stimulus simultaneously triggers ANS and emotional experience in the brain

3 fairs in Cannon-Bard Theory

1. Some emotions come before bodily response (blushing) 2. Many events cause bodily responses without emotions (sweating) 3. Each emotion would have to be based on a physiological response

Schacter & Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpolated as a specific emotion

Faults of Two-Factor Theory

1. Assumes one bodily reaction per emotion. 2. Reaction differs from context. 3. Single bodily response does not underline all emotions

Amygdala

Anatomical structure that places an important role in emotion & memory. Though to be structure that performs appraisal

Dual process theory

Type 1 (fast): thalamus -> amygdala or Type 2 (slow) thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala

Expressions

_____ are controlled by