chem q1 exam

the study of matter and the changes it undergoes, as well as its energy

chemistry

most carbon containing chemicals/compounds

organic chemistry

in general, matter that does not contain carbon (salts, minerals)

inorganic chemistry

the behavior and changes of matter and the related energy changes

physical chemistry

components and composition of substances

analytical chemistry

matter and processes of living organisms

biochemistry

matter and the environment

environmental chemistry

research based chemistry

theoretical chemistry

heat involved in chemical processes

thermochemistry

the study of the nucleus of the atom, nuclear reactions, synthesis of new elements, radio activity, isotopes

nuclear chemistry

polymers and plastics

polymer chemistry

the study of the transfer of electrons, electrical conductivity, industrial applications

electrochemistry

the amount of matter

mass

a measure of the amount of matter and the effect of Earth's gravitational pull on the matter

weight

weight can change from place to place, but ___________ is constant

mass

assumed without proof

assumption

you can see it

observation

numerical information or measurements

quantitative observation

descriptive (things related to the senses)

qualitative observation

a tentative explanation or prediction based on what has been observed, prior knowledge and research

hypothesis

best format for a hypothesis

if...,then

set of controlled observations or activities that test the hypothesis

experiment

the value that the experimenter changes

independent variable

the value that changes in response to a change in the independent variable

dependent variable

How many variables are tested in an experiment?

one

standard for comparison

control variable

variable or factors in the experiment that do not change

constants

How should data be represented?

in a table or chart

seeks to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself

ex. how a particular hormone or enzyme works

pure research

research designed to solve a particular problem

applied research

ex. medical research

the practical use of scientific information that is concerned with making improvements in human life and the world around us

technology

always have to have a standard to compare your measurement to

SI units

distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a sec

length (meter)

measured in kilograms

mass

1 kilogram =

2.2 pounds

physical standard used to define the second in now based on the _______________________________ given off by a cesium~133 atom

frequency of radiation

measured in seconds

time

a quantitative measurement of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object

temperature

as particles move faster, temperature _______________

increases

measured in kelvin

temperature

in fahrenheit, water freezes at

32 degrees

in fahrenheit, water boils at

212 degrees

based on the freezing point of water

celsius

the theoretical point where all motion would cease (no thermal energy)

absolute zero

formula for kelvin

C + 273

formula for celsius

K - 273

amount of a substance

mole (mol)

electric current (flow of electrons)

ampere (A)

luminous intensity

candela (cd)

a unit whose measurement is based on an object

base units

a unit that is a combination of base units

derived unit

when you move the decimal to the left, power _________________

increases

when you move decimal to the right, power _______________

decreases

when using dimensional analysis, you must ___________________

set up to cancel

matter that has a constant and unchanging composition

substance

a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing that sample's composition

physical property of matter

density, color, taste, melting/boiling point, electrical or heat conductivity, specific heat are examples of __________________

physical properties of matter

depend on the amount of the substance present

ex. mass, volume, length

extensive properties

independent of the amount of a substance present; do not change as amount of substance changes

ex. density, melt. pt and boil. pt, specific heat, conductivity, color

intensive properties

mass/volume =

density

the ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more substances

chemical properties of matter

5 states of matter

bose-einstein condensate, solid, liquid, gas, plasma

phase of matter that occurs when matter is almost at absolute zero

bose-einstein condensate

at bose-einstein condensate, atoms begin to behave more like _____________ and as the temperature cools, they begin to overlap

waves

in the bose-einstein condensate, the overlapping causes atoms to ______________________________

lose their individual identity

definite shape and volume

solid

particles are packed tightly and in fixed positions

solid

constant motion

vibrational motion

cannot be compressed into a smaller volume

incompressable

definite volume, take shape of container

liquid

form of matter that flows

fluid

particles are not rigidly held in place

liquid

form of matter that flows to the shape of its container and fills the entire volume of its container

gas

particles are independent and very far apart, so it is easily compressible

gas

refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature

vapor

an ionized particle into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons to coexist

plasma

most common form of matter in the universe

plasma

the excited charged particles of plasma radiate ________________________________________________

light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation

changes that alter a substance without changing its composition

physical change

opposite of melting

freezing

opposite of vaporization

condensation

opposite of sublimination

deposition

solid to gas

sublimation

opposite of ionization

recombination

gas to plasma

ionization

the state of matter depends on the __________________________ and pressure of the surroundings

temperature

melting, vaporization, sublimination, ionization

endothermic changes

freezing, condensation, deposition, recombination

exothermic changes

a process that involves one or more substances changing into a new substance

chemical changes

What does a chemical change produce?

a new substance and a change in properties

the starting substances

reactants

the new substances formed

products

evidence of a chemical reaction

corroding/decomposing, burning, explosion, rust, productions of light, change in heat, gas or bubbles, precipitate

mass is neither created or destroyed during a chemical reaction, it is conserved

law of conservation of mass

mass of reactants =

mass of products

a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties

mixtures