Roman Culture Study

First Emperor

Augustus

Second Emperor

Tiberius (Augustus’ stepson)

Goddess of grain/agriculture

Ceres

God of the sea

Neptune

King of the gods

Jupiter

Queen of the gods

Juno

Messenger of the gods

Mercury

God of war

Mars

God of the harvest

Saturn

God of the sun, song, prophecy

Apollo

God of fire

Vulcan

God of wine

Bacchus

God of love

Cupid

Goddess of love and beauty

Venus

Goddess of wisdom

Minerva

Goddess of the chase and moon

Diana

Goddess of the hearth

Vesta

Strictly a Roman god; the god of beginnings and doorways. Always represented with two faces.

Janus

Gods of the household

Lares and Penates

Name bestowed upon Scipio (and reason why)

Africanus. He defeated Hannibal in the second punic war, and Hannibal was from Carthage (which is in Africa).

Dates of the monarchy

753 B.C. to 509 B.C.

Dates of the republic

509 B.C. to 27 B.C.

Dates of the empire

27 B.C. to 476 A.D.

Emperor that expanded Rome to its greatest extent

Trajan

Given name (first name) of a Roman

praenomen

Clan name of a Roman

nomen, gens

Name of the branch of family of a Roman

cognomen

Members of the 1st triumvirate

Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

Members of the 2nd triumvirate

Octavian, Marcus Antonius, Lepidus

What took place in the Circus Maximus?

chariot races

What took place in the Colosseum?

gladiator combats

Year Colosseum was finished

80 A.D.

What took place at the Campus Martius?

athletic exercises, military training

Thermae/balneae

baths

Famous Carthaginian general who as defeated in the 2nd punic war

Hannibal

Who defeated Hannibal?

Scipio

Center of the city where all the business, government, and legal action took place. Between Palatine and Capitoline hills

Forum

Famous orator during the Republic

Cicero

Latin is the basis for this language family

Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Italian, French)

Treasurer in government

quaestor

Judge

praetor

Highest-ranking official in the cursus honorum. Two elected annually

Consul

Official in charge of public works and games

aedile

Had the right to veto laws

Tribune

Official whose duty was to assess property, determine the order of society to which each citizen belonged, fix the eligibility of senators, raise revenue for public works, maintain high standards of morality

censor

In times of extreme public danger, a(n) ________ was appointed with supreme power

Dictator

How long was a dictator appointed for?

6 months

Famous Thracian slave and gladiator who led a revolt

Spartacus

What type of building was the Colosseum?

Amphitheater (amphi = both, theater was a semicircle; two semicircles/one circle)

Senate house

Curia

What battle gave Octavian sole power? Who did he beat?

Battle of Actium; Antonius and Cleopatra

Name the Romans gave to the MEditerranean sea

Mare Nostrum

Last king in the Monarchy

Tarquinius Superbus

What date was Caesar assassinated?

March 15, 44 BC

Ides of March

March 15

How do we know Caesar was never emperor?

He died 17 years before the empire was formed

Breakfast

ientaculum

Lunch

prandium

Dinner

cena

Course of offices in government

Cursus Honorum

Two main hills in Rome

Capitoline, Palatine

True/False: The romans are most known for their military achievements, architectural mastery, and influence in language and Western culture.

True

How many kings were there?

7

Romulus became the first king after…

He killed his brother, Remus. He then founded the city and named it after himself.

How did Romulus increase the population of Rome?

He invited in the “undesirables” and eventually conquered surrounding areas

Fasces

Bundle of rods with an ax, symbol of power

Ancus Martius

4th king, built a bridge over the Tiber

Tarquinius Priscus

5th king, Set up the Forum

Servius Tullius

6th king, set up city wall and the political assembly for voting

Tarquinius Superbus

“Tarquin the Proud,” last king of Rome. He was overthrown because of his tyranny. Important achievement -- sewer system

Who led the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus?

Brutus

First consul

Brutus

Rome’s enemy in the punic wars

Carthage

How many civil wars take place from 100 BC to 27 BC?

3

Reason for 1st punic war

Fought over the island of Sicily. Carthage and Rome wanted it for trade purposes

Reason for 2nd punic war

Hannibal hated the sanctions that had been put in place for Carthaginians after their defeat in the 1st punic war

Reason for 3rd punic war

Carthage violated the sanctions to try to defend themselves from an enemy (so they made an army).

Result of 3rd punic war

The Romans crushed the city and left nothing behind--those who weren’t killed were enslaved and the city was plowed under

Cato the Elder

Ended speeches with “Carthago delenda est” or “Carthage must be destroyed.” Most recognized shortly before the 3rd punic war, and he died before it was over

Cicero

Prominent senator, speech maker, and writer. His letters give us a day by day account of what happened in Rome

1st Civil War

Fought between Marius and Sulla. Sulla wins

2nd Civil War

Between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. Caesar wanted to be consul and Pompey convinced the Senate he could not run because he had been in Gaul. POMPEY WAS DEFEATED

What river did Caesar cross when he said “Alea iacta est”?

Rubicon

Wealthiest man in Rome

Crassus

Was Caesar consul?

Yes, in 59 BC and later in 46 BC

When was Caesar dictator?

45 BC

Who planned to kill Caesar?

A group of senators were uncomfortable with the power Caesar was trying to get, so Brutus and Cassius conspired to kill him.

How many times was Caesar stabbed?

23

Who did Caesar adopt as his heir in his will?

Octavian, who was his grand-nephew. He adopts him as his son.

How old was Octavian when he demanded to be consul to avenge his father’s death?

19

Who did Octavian ally himself with?

Marcus Antonius

Who later allied against Octavian?

Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra

Whose name changed to Augustus?

Octavian

Pax Romana

The 40 years when Augustus was emperor, time of peace and prosperity

When did Augustus die?

14 AD

Why did Rome fall?

\-Capital moved to Constantinople, weakening the western empire

\-Changed religion to Christianity

\-Goths, Visigoths, Vandals sacked the city

\-Slavery system

How many emperors did Rome have before it fell?

25

Who “found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble?”

Augustus

Senate

Typically 300-400 people. Managed foreign affairs, declared war, controlled taxes

SPQR

Senatus Populusque Romanus. Symbol of governmental power found on buildings, coins, etc