Audiology - Exam 1

what are audioligists?

They're non-physician providers who evaluate, diagnose, and treat hearing loss and balance disorder with
methods other than medicine and surgery

What is otology?

Asubspeciality of otolaryngology that includes
expertise in the medical and surgical management of ear diseases

When did Audiology emerge as a career?

World War II

What isa rehabilitative program for hearing loss?

Hearing Aids

Who is the father of audiology?

Raymond Carhart

Why was Raymond Carhart important?

He established the first educational program
for audiology at Northwestern University

who did Raymond Carhart mentor who developed
new clinical tests of hearing loss?

James Jerger

Why is James Jerger important?

Developed the first Aud program at the Baylor College of Medicine

Who is the "mother of pediatric audiology?"

Marion Downs

Why was Marion Downs important?

Promoted the New Born hearing screening and early hearing loss intervention

What are the requirements to be an Audiologist?

1. Bachelor's
2. Master's
3. AuD
4. Externship

List 3 audiology specialties

1. cochlear implants
2. pediatric audiology
3. tinnitus

Lisy 3 audiology work settings

1. University
2. Private Practice
3. Hospital

What is the name of the large organization that represents audiology on a national level?

ASHA

what is the difference between licensure and certification?

Licensure: each state requires audiologists to have one to work
Certification: you get one when you're continuing education

What is a certificate required by all ASHA members?

Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCCA)

Name 3 certifications in the field of Audiology

ABACertification
Tinnitus Management(CH-TM) Audiology
Preceptor (CH-AP)
Pediatric Audiology (CH-PA) Audiology Specialty Certification (PASC) Cochlear Implant Specialty Certification (CISC)

How many adults over 65 experience hearing loss?

16 Million (33%)

When was the first AuD introduced?

2007

What is fundamental frequency for females and males?

Females: 170-250
Males: 80-150

Formed by, and for audiologists

American Academy of Audiologists (AAA)

According to the American Academy of Audiology 2011 compensation and Benefits Report, which setting employs the highest percentage of Audiologists?

Otolaryngology practice

Audiologists who choose to work with children who have hearing loss

Pediatric Audiologist

The description of activities that can be included in the clinical practice

scope of practice

Potential effects of hearing loss

1. hindered family/peer relationships
2. hindered educational performance
3. speech and language development

What is sound?

It is a vibration of air particles by the vibration of objects

What is inertia?

An object is at rest until it is moved by an outside force

What is elasticity?

An object that has been moved from it's original shape will move back to its original shape

What are vibrations affected by?

1. Length
2. Mass
3. Stiffness

What are the mediums for sound production and the typical medium for sound?

1. Air
2. Liquids
3. Solids

Air is the typical medium for sound

Condensation

regions of increased pressure

Rarefaction

regions of decreased pressure

Displacement

the change in position of an object

cycle

movement away from one point and return movement to the same point

period

the time required for one cycle, a complete motion that returns to its starting point

Amplitude

the displacement of a wave

Damping

decrease of vibration due to resistance

The smallest amount of displacement of air molecules caused by a sound that can be just detected by the
human ear at a given frequency

dB SPL (sound pressure level)

What is frequency?

the rate at which vibration occurs

What is the name of a single frequency?

sine wave

What is wavelength?

distance from one peak to another on a wave

What is resonant frequency?

the natural frequency of an object

What is intensity?

Related to the maximum displacement of a waveform

A unit for expressing the ratio between two physical quantities, usually amounts of acoustic or electrical
power, or for measuring the relative loudness of sound

Decibels dB

What are the dB references?

1. dB SPL (sound pressure level)
2. dB SL (sensation level)
3. dB HL (hearing level)

What is dB SPL used for?

- to indicate the INTENSITY of a sound

What is dB HL used for?

Used for most hearing tests

What is dB SL used for?

An indicator of a person's hearing level

What is duration?

the length of time from the beginning to the end of a sound.

What is the initial portion of a sound?

Onset

What is onset?

the initial portion of a sound

What is rise time?

From onset to plateau

What is the period from onset to plateau?

Rise time

What is the segment of sound that is consistent?

Plateau

What is plateau?

the segment of a sound that is consistent

What is fall time?

From the plateau to offset

What is the period from the plateau to offset?

Fall time

What is the time required for the sound to decrease?

Offset

What is offset?

The time required for the sound to decrease

What is the human perception of the physical properties of sound?

Psychoacoustics

What does the human perception of the physical properties of sound consist of?

1. Pitch
2. Intensity
3. Duration

What kinds of sound can a human not detect?

sounds less than 1 second

What is the inverse square law?

The intensity of sound decreases by 6 dB per multiple of the distance

What is sound reverberation?

It's produced when sounds reflect off walls

Is the unit to measure intensity absolute?

No

What is determined by the number of cycles of the sound occuring in 1 second (1000 ms)?

Frequency

What does the outer ear consist of?

auricle and external auditory canal

Label outer ear structures.
Helix
Concha
Tragus
Lobe

What is localization?

Being able to determine where sound is coming from

What is the external ear canal made of?

outer 2/3 is cartilage
inner 1/3 is bone

What is the length of the external ear canal?

Adults : 3 cm
Babies: 1.5 cm

What is secreted by the glands in the lining of the ear canal?

Cerumen (earwax)

In what part of the ear canal can the earwax be found in?

outer 2/3

What does the middle ear consist of?

typanic membrane and the space behind it

What are the two portions of the tympanic membrane?

Pars flaccida and pars tensa

What is the flexible portion of the tympanic membrane?

Pars flaccida

What is the tightest portion of the tympanic membrane?

Pars tensa

What portion of the tympanic membrane contributes to hearing?

Pars Tensa

What are the ossicles and what are they collectively known as?

1. Malleus
2. Stapes
3. Incus
known as the ossicular chain

Which bone is the smallest and lightest?

Stapes

What are the two middle ear muscles?

tensor tympani and stapedius muscle

What is the main function of the middle ear and how is it accomplished?

Impedence Matching
1. The area difference between the tympanic membrane and oval window
2. Lever action of the ossicular chain
3. Concavity of the tympanic membrane

The middle ear system matches the low resistance of air to the high resistance of fluid within the inner ear. What is the name of this?

Impedence Matching

What is the purpose of the external ear canal?

The s-shaped tube that carries sound from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

What does the tensor tympani muscles do?

It contracts during self genereated sounds such as chewing and reduces those sounds with external sounds

What does the stapedius muscle do?

stabilizes the stapes bone in quiet conditions

Where is the inner ear located?

petrous portion of the temporal bone

What is the snal shaped organ of hearing?

cochlea

How many turns does the cochlea have?

2 3/4

How many sections does the cochlea have?

3 thin membranes

Label the diagram of the cochlea

What is the ion composition of perilymph?

High concentration of sodium (Na+)
low concentration of potassium (k+)

What is the ion composition of endolymph?

high concentration of potassium (k+)
low concentration of sodium (Na+)

What communicates with auditory nerve fibers and shaped
like a goblet or flask?

inner hair cells

What changes shape when activated and shaped like a cylinder?

outer hair cells

where are the inner and outer hair cells located?

the inner is on the medial portion of the
cochlea and the outer hair cells is on the lateral

How many outer hair cells are there than inner hair cells?

There are 3-4 times outer hair cells than inner

What is tonotopic organization?

cells respond to different frequencies at different places

What protein is responsible for outer hair cell motility?

Prestin

What is prestin and where is it found?

It is a protein that can be found on the outer hair cells that helps with motility