ALL THE WORDS FOR HISTORY FINAL

National Bank

Hamilton argued that it was an implied power in the Constitution to be able to set up a national bank; he said it would give the government a safe place to keep money and make loans

Washington’s Precedents

Establishment of the cabinet; only serving two terms; addressed as “Mr. President”

Washington’s Cabinet

Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War: Henry Knox; Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

Anti-Federalists

Jefferson and Madison; weak national government; agricultural-based economy; became the Democratic-Republican Party

XYZ Affair

Incident in which 3 French agents tried to bribe American representatives; almost brought the US to war with France

John Jay

Nation’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Tariffs

Tax on imported goods; US government got most of its income from tariffs in 1790

Strict Interpretation

Whatever is not mentioned specifically in the constitution cannot be done

Election of 1796

The president and vice-president were from different political parties; John Adams was a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican

Alien and Sedition Acts

Violated the first amendment because they damped down on the freedom of speech and press

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned the nation of the rise of political parties, political divisions based upon geographic loyalties; long-term involvement in European affairs

Whiskey Rebellion

People who disagreed with the government’s tax on whiskey rebelled; Washington crushed the rebellion to show the strength of the national government

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts; raise government revenues; create national bank

John Adams

Second president of the US; first vice president of the US; a federalist

Judiciary Act of 1789

Created a court system with six members of the Supreme Court

Embargo Act of 1807

Was passed to make England and France respect American Trade rights; it was repealed because it was ruining the US economy

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr tied the election so it was sent to the House of Representatives; the tie was broken when the House elected Jefferson

Causes of the War of 1812

The British navy was impressing (capturing) American sailors; the \n British were violating American trade rights; some “war hawks” were calling for war so they could gain control of Canada

Effects of the War of 1812

No territory changed hands; no one won and no one lost; the US experienced a surge in patriotism; American industry flourished\--- “Era of Good Feelings”

War Hawks

Politicians who were in favor of war. In the War of 1812, they wanted to gain control of Canada

Marbury v. Madison

Gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review

John Marshall

Strong Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; established the power of judicial review for the Supreme Court

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws (both state and federal) as unconstitutional; the power to interpret the constitution

Louisiana Territory

Territory purchased from France

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson sent them out to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory; they explored as far west as the Pacific Ocean

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory in 1803 from Napoleon Bonaparte; the purchase more than doubled the size of the US

Impressment

The British was impressing American sailors before the War of 1812, they were kidnapping them and forcing them to work on British ships

Sacajawea

Native American that acted as a guide for Lewis and Clark

Francis Scott Key

Author of the “Star-Spangled Banner”

Zebulon Pike

Leader of the expedition that set out to find the sources of the Arkansas and Red rivers

Treat of Ghent

Treaty that ended the war of 1812\---no territory changed hands

James Madison

President during the war of 1812

Thomas Jefferson’s Accomplishments

He helped to design Washington DC; he wrote the Declaration of Independence; he bought the Louisiana Territory

1803

Year of the Louisiana Purchase

Battle of New Orleans

Fought after the War of 1812 was over; made Andrew Jackson a war hero

Nationalism

Extreme pride in a country; American nationalism surged after the War of 1812

Sectionalism

People more concerned with the interests of their own region that their country

Industrial Revolution

Time period in which the economy moved towards mechanized production

Male Suffrage

In the early 1800’s it opened to males who did not own property\---lower chases, pro-Jackson

Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe’s statement that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to colonization by Europe

Railroads

Increased sectionalism because they mostly ran in the North and from east to west, not north to south

Cotton Gin

Revolutionized the economy of the South and caused the need for more slaves

Missouri Compromise

Provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; created a balance between slave and free states in the Union

McCulloch v. Maryland

Reaffirmed the US government’s right to create a national bank\---federal power greater than state power

Gibbons v. Ogden

Reaffirmed the US government’s right to regulate interstate commerce\---federal power greater than state power

Capitalist System

Economic system that involves profit, private property, and free enterprise

Characteristics of Southern Leaders

Wealthy planters

Types of people that worked in Northern factories

Immigrants

James Monroe

The President who created the Monroe Doctrine\---”Europe, stay out of the Americas!”

Jacksonian Democracy

Central principle was to spread political power to common people

Protective Tariff

Intended to encourage the growth of northern industries

Spoils System

Jackson’s policy of rewarding faithful followers with political offices

Democratic Party

The Democratic-Republican Party split when Adams and Jackson disagreed on many issues; Jackson became the first Democratic Party president

Trail of Tears

Route taken by the Cherokees after forced removal from their land in Georgia to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma\---thousands died on the journey

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act

Law that forced Native Americans to give up their land because white people wanted it; forced them to move to the Indian Territory

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed to help northern industries; it ended up hurting the southern economy; called the \____ because the southerners hated them

Doctrine of Nullification

It was triggered in a response to strong opposition to the tariff of abominations; Calhoun said that the states had the right to nullify or reject a federal law that it considered unconstitutional (Nullification Crisis)

Daniel Webster

Debated Robert Hayne; he was against nullification

John C. Calhoun

Vice president who resigned over the issue of nullification

Webster-Hayne Debate

Robert Hayne: for nullification; Daniel Webster: against nullification; a long debate over states’ rights\---that states should be able to reject federal laws

States’ Rights

The idea that the state has the right to go against the national government

Jackson’s War on the Bank

Jackson opposed the national bank because he thought its policies favored the wealthy over the average people

Panic of 1837

State banks were printing too much paper money; caused inflation; people became worried about the health of the nation’s economy; Martin Van Buren was blamed for the panic

Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”

Jackson’s Informal Cabinet that he met with for advice; it weakened the power of the cabinet

Whig Party

Formed in response to Jackson; Harrison was a Whig that was elected in 1840

Martin Van Buren

The vice president for Jackson in his second term; was blamed for the panic of 1837; he was not re-elected

William Henry Harrison

Member of the Whig Party; was elected in 1840 because of his popularity from the war of 1812

Manifest Destiny

Principle that called for the US to spread across the continent to its natural borders

Mormons

Religious group that faced persecution and decided to head west; settled in present day Utah

Joseph Smith

Leader of the Mormons; was killed

Brigham Young

Leader of the Mormons after Joseph Smith was Killed; he led the Mormons to Utah

Mexican War

War the US fought with Mexico over a dispute on the border of Texas (US\---Rio Grande) and Mexico (Nueces River)

Mexican Cession

Land ceded by Mexico as a result of the Mexican War; contained the southwest portion of the US

California Gold Rush

People rushed to California in hopes of finding gold in 1849

49ers

Nickname of people who moved to California in hopes to become rich

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War

Gadsden Purchase

Purchased in hopes to build a southern transcontinental railroad in 1853\---last “piece” of the US

Northern Boundary of Oregon

49th parallel, settled in a compromise with Great Britain

Adams-Onis Treaty

Treaty with Spanish that gave the US control of Florida in 1919

Bear Flag Revolt

Revolt in which rebels declared California Independent of Mexico

James K. Polk

President that made manifest destiny policy; pro-Texas annexation

Texas Revolution

Texas rebelled against Mexico’s government

Mountain Men

Adventurers who lived out west and trapped beavers; Jim Beckwourth and others; they established the trails that later settlers traveled to settle in California and Oregon

Oregon Country

Land occupied jointly by the US and Great Britain from 1818 to 1846; the 49th parallel was made the northern boundary of Oregon in a compromise with Great Britain

Louisiana Purchase

Land purchased from France in 1803

Texas

Mexico finally gives up all claims to this area as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Texas had just joined the US in 1845

Treaty of Paris

Ended the American Revolution and gave the new US control of the land to the Mississippi River

Original 13 Colonies

Won independence from Great Britain; Treaty of Paris ended the war

Abolitionist Movement

Movement that sought to end slavery

Transcendentalism

Led by Henry David Thoreau; it urged people to follow their own conscience and not obey laws they considered unjust; civil disobedience; it taught that people could find truth within themselves

Underground Railroad

Secret routes slaves used to escape to the North

Harriet Tubman

Famous conductor on the Underground Railroad that led many escaped slaves to the North

Second Great Awakening

Surge in religious thought, caused people to want to change society

Prison Reform

Reformers wanted rights and rehabilitation for criminals

Frederick Douglass

Effective abolitionist speaker because he had been a slave himself; taught himself to read and write; wrote an autobiography

Sojourner Truth

Effective abolitionist speaker because she had been a slave himself

African-American Literacy

In the south it was illegal to teach a slave to read

Temperance Movement

Promoted the end of selling and drinking alcohol

Civil Disobedience

Reform society without violence; Henry David Thoreau