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In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell?

Metaphase

Generally, a chemical buffer is described as

A weak acid and weak base that help prevent big changes in pH

Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures?

Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules.

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

anaphase

The largest internal cellular structure is known as the \________ and is the cell's control center.

Nucleus

In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the \______ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER.

Liver

When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a \__________.

Positive feedback

The coxal joint is most likely found in the \__________ region of the body.

Hip

If a carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger

an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point.

You are asked to take a person's heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse \_________.

On the posterior side of the knee

The most common lipids in the body are

triglycerides, and they are used for energy storage in adipose.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective.

The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.

When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and the muscles of your iris contract to decrease your pupil size. The iris muscles are acting as a(n)

effector

The three parts making up a nucleotide are

A five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in \_________.

A hypertonic solution

Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

High heat of vaporization

The region of an enzymes into which the substrate fits is a

Highly specific active site

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called \_______ anatomy.

gross

What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

Frontal

Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature, these nerve endings represent a(n) \_________ in the negative feedback mechanism.

Receptor

Phospholipids are described as

Amphipathic

The replication of a DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the

S phase

The functions of centrioles include \________.

organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

Mitochondria

Nucleic acids are made up of

Nucleotides joined by covalent, phosphodiester bonds

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT \__________.

Palms turned posteriorly

During transcription

an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

0.5% NaCl

Osmosis is the diffusion of

water across a membrane

If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extra cellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize \__________.

pinocytosis

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

phagocytosis

The control center of a homeostatic mechanism

integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because \__________.

positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are \__________.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen?

The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid and less permeable.

A red blood cell was placed in pure water would \_________.

Swell and hemolyze

Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by

facilitated diffusion

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is

Steepest and temperature is highest

Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?

integumentary

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of \__________.

glycogen

One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to \__________.

sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system

Decreases activation energy

You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer \__________.

In the armpit

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is \__________.

tRNA

The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the \__________ system.

skeletal

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?

left upper quadrant

Mitosis \_________.

Is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the \__________.

anterior side of the elbow

hand

A professional fighter hit in the mental region might have damage to the

Jaw

Which organelle is responsible for processing, sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper and close to blood vessels, secretes heparin and histamine?

mast cell

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.

Endocrine glands

lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

\__________ forms the larynx and part of the nose, and provides protective covering on the bones surfaces forming freely movable joints.

Hyaline cartilage

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is \_____________.

The blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

epithelial

\_________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seem in the \__________.

Nonkeratinized; vagina

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?

Epithelial tissue

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" in the

Arrector pili muscle

Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?

smooth muscle

Thick skin contains

five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

Another name for the cuticle is the

eponychium

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?

The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess \_________.

collagen fibers

The walls of kidney tubules are formed by \_________ epithelium, which functions in resorting materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.

simple cuboidal

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that \_________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

\________ is found lining the urinary bladder and is specialized to stretch and return to its original shape.

transitional epithelium

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

The type of membrane that prevents desiccation, provides lubrication, and traps bacteria and foreign particles is

mucous

One of the main dangers of burns is

dehydration, as water can escape from the body

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

tactile cells

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

epidermis

Fine hair called \__________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.

vellus

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue.

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

Suppose you cut your finger only slightly in what is known as a "paper cut." You observe that the cut hurts but it doesn't bleed. How would you interpret your observation?

Nerve endings occur in epithelium but blood vessels do not.

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin?

dense irregular

The shape of the external ear is maintained by \_________.

elastic cartilage

Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues and contains elastic and collagen fibers?

areolar connective tissue

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be \_______.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

If a person were unable to form saliva, what type of gland could be missing or malfunctioning?

merocrine glands

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.

Its primary function is nutrient storage.

Suppose that you had a congenital condition that prevented your body from forming holocrine glands. If that were the case, which statement would be most accurate?

Your skin would become excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands.

If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a mesh like framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?

reticular fibers

Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which rapid diffusion occurs in the lungs?

Simple squamous

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

reticular layer

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the \__________ membrane.

cutaneous

Which type of epithelial tissue would be the least protective?

simple squamous

Apocrine glands, which began to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

In the axillary and anogenital area