Final Psych - new material

What is social loafing?

when in a group setting, an individual won’t work as hard as they would by themselves -→ slack off (group project, not working as hard as you would with an individual project)

What is deindividuation?

feeling less ourselves, more just a part of the group

What are prejudice?

feels or emotions → how you feel towards a person/group, negative or hostile **attitude** towards a group or people or one person

What are stereotyping?

thoughts/cognitive → **generalization**, what we think towards a person/group

What are discrimination?

behavioral → **actions**, how we behave towards a person/group

What are explicit prejudice?

are aware of prejudice and can report

What are implicit prejudice?

not aware, can’t/won’t report but still affects their behavior towards people

What is the Implicit Association Test?

online test that measures implicit prejudice

What is the just-world phenomenon?

likes to think “people get what they deserve” → do good = gets good and vice versa with bad

How does the just-world phenomenon explain prejudice?

blaming the victim with dispositional attributions

What is realistic conflict theory?

competition → competing against one another will result in disliking each other

How does realistic conflict theory explain prejudice?

changes **attitude** → starts to dislike the other team due to competition which allows prejudice to grow

What was Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment?

he created two groups and introduced competition and they ultimately started hating eachother

What is the social identity theory?

general theory to self esteem and identity → the group you belong to is a part of identity

How does social identity theory explain prejudice?

by being labelled in a group, it changes your **attitude** about other groups

What is in-group bias?

put down other groups to make own group feel better → better secure in self esteem than is less likely to put others down

What are minimal groups?

group based on meaningless similarities

example of minimal groups

teacher making the brown eye and blue eye groups → making one group superior than the other

How does categorization explain stereotyping?

by the brain forming these categories (gender, age, race, etc.) we have set social stereotypes within society that has stereotypes along with it

How does the confirmation bias explain stereotyping?

ignores evidence that can change opinion to support their beliefs → influences stereotypes to continue

What is the contact hypothesis?

gets in touch and realize that you thought wrong → only works sometimes, talking to an individual that you were prejudice to but opinion change

What is cooperative interdependence?

bring groups together that are prejudice but have to work together to achieve one thing together

What is a jigsaw classroom?

form smaller groups of students (4ppl) each group learned something and has to teach/learn from other groups to pass test

What is the drive theory of aggression?

internal motive to harm others - are aggressive to get this feeling out

What is catharsis?

able to release aggression safely (screaming, punching pillow, playing violent video games) → not helpful, makes us more aggressive than less

 Does catharsis reduce aggression?

no

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

all aggression is from frustration when goal is blocked → now it is considered sometimes

How do similarity and proximity predict liking?

individuals like others who are like themselves and who are physically close and available for them → increase liking

What is similarity?

likes someone due to being like them than the opposite, has things in common

what is proximity?

being physically near them → increase liking them due to closeness

What is the mere exposure effect?

the more you see someone the more you like them

What is the bystander effect?

the more people there are = less likely that they will help

Diffusion of responsibility

thinking someone else is helping - don’t need to help, feels less responsible for helping (too much pressure unless multiple people help

Pluralistic ignorance

others seem none concerned so you don’t think you need to help (not interpreted as an emergency) - during unclear situations

Evaluation apprehension

if offers help to others and they don’t actually need it results in embarrassment → lowering possibility to help others when needed in the future

What is the psychoanalytic perspective of personality?

everything we do/think/feel has some unconscious reason → all thoughts, emotions and behavior have causes

What is the unconscious?

impulses, wishes, and memories of which people are not consciously aware but affect thoughts and behavior

What are the id?

born with something that causes us to fulfill our needs ASAP (hunger, thirst, sexual desires, sleep)

What are the ego?

finds realistic, practical solutions between Id and superego → middle ground

What are the superego?

do what’s right- opposite of id, conscious and concern with what’s morally acceptable

What are Freud’s first 3 psychosexual stages?

Oral, Anal, Phallic

oral

(birth to 18 months) puts everything in their mouths, freud says babies have oral needs (feeding) → being able to trust and depend on people - if not, then can fixate on the oral needs and develop oral fixation (constantly putting things in their mouths in the future)

anal

(18 months- 3) transitioning from diapers to controlling self → Freud says some kids rebel from it or withhold from going anywhere, will be fixated on it when they become overly controlling or really disordered (messy)

Phallic

(3-6) boys are more attracted to their mothers while girls are more attracted to their fathers

What is the Oedipus complex?

wants relationship with mother, mamas boy → sees dad as competition

What are Freud’s defense mechanisms?

Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Denial

Repression

some memory/thought/experience that is too painful → pushes it back (unconscious) - not actively aware of it, when remember nobody can verify it

Projection

putting own insecurities onto others - we have desires or behaviors that we think is unacceptable → we project that too, friend cheats so you think your bf is cheating

Rationalization

why our impulses and unpleasant outcomes is okay → excuses

Displacement

having a feeling toward someone but don’t feel safe to show it so confide in different people → puts anger out on others

denial

not accepting something → refusal to acknowledge realities or motions

What is psychological determinism?

everything we do/think/feel has some unconscious reason

What are Freudian slips?

accidentally slip up or say something wrong → unconscious thoughts trying to come out, saying wrong name

What are projective tests?

assumes that we project our unconscious feeling over something ambiguous →cloud looking

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

shown pictures of ink images and interpret what it looks like

What are Rogers’s concepts of empathy?

need to get from someone else, be there for us - understands us

What are Rogers’s concepts of unconditional positive regard?

no matter what we do they will always accept us, might not like what we did but still loves us

What are the Big Five traits?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

openness

imaginative, witty → step outside likes changes and not routine - adventurous

conscientiousness

cautious, dependable → organized, reliable, gets stuff done - academic success

extraversion

enthusiastic, sociable → dominant, outgoing - extraverted

agreeableness

friendly, cooperative → easy to get along with - kind

neuroticism

nervous, worrying → prone to negative emotions, anxiety, depression, anger

What is the DSM?

book that is used to make clinical diagnoses

What is labeling theory?

once given a diagnosis, they are viewed as something “wrong with them” - a negative stigma and viewed as their disorder

What are anxiety disorders?

characterized by intense, frequent, or continuous anxiety (low GABA and seratonin)

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

experiences anxiety often but mainly about physical and emotional symptoms → sometimes triggers but mainly lingers

What is panic disorder?

attacks of extreme fear that are out of proportion to what the situation calls for

What are panic attacks?

episodes (few mins to hours) of fear and panic

What are phobias?

irrational fears of a specific object or situation

What is social anxiety disorder?

intense fear of being in social or performance situations → fearful where they will be evaluated in a social situation

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause distress and significantly interferes with an individual’s life

What are compulsions?

**behavior** → habits to reduce anxiety, act on it (doing it a certain amount of times)

What are obsessions?

**thoughts** → think about it (ex. germs, doubting, order), rituals to reduce stress

What is major depressive disorder? 

feelings of extreme sadness, emptiness’ thoughts of hopelessness → lack in motivation, no set sleep schedule, can’t do basic things due to this disorder

What is bipolar disorder?

extreme mood swings, altering between depression and mania → episode of both, at rock bottom or amazing highs

What is mania?

period of abnormally euphoric moods, increase energy → very high moments

What is schizophrenia?

means “split mind” → not multiple personalty but seems to have a split idea of reality

What does it mean to have psychotic symptoms?

when you are out of touch with reality → doesn’t what know is real or not

What are delusions?

strong held beliefs → beliefs that are not reality (ex. thinking somebody is after you)

What are hallucinations?

sensory experience → typically with hearing voices or seeing things

What is disorganized speech?

no coherent speech, makes no sense - just words jumbled together

What is word salad?

randoms words put together to form a sense -→ words just mixed together

What are catatonic symptoms?

motor problems, doesn’t move for a long time

What are positive symptoms?

presence of something not usually there - showing something that typically isn’t there (ex. delusions, hallucinations)

What are negative symptoms?

absense of something - doesn’t show symptoms that typically would be there → traits of basic human reaction (ex. flat affect, expressionless faces)

What are personality disorders?

personality traits that are inflexible ad maladaptive across a broad range of situations → a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving

What is borderline personality disorder?

can be severe, instability - unstable sense of self (low or high self esteem) → extreme variability in mood, relationships, and self perception, misinterpret other’s actions as signs of abandonment or rejection - common with self harm

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

extreme, think that they are overly important and no rules apply to them but others → important above all, brags about everything, and excessive need for admiration - high self esteem but fragile

What is psychoanalytic therapy?

set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders

What is dream interpretation?

dream anylsis

What is free association?

another approach to identifying someone’s unconscious thought → client blurts out what they want to talk about as they lay on a couch and therapist is behind on a chair

What is humanistic therapy?

emphasizes realization of human potential → believes in the idea of heal healing and finding a place for that to happen (therapy room)

What are important qualities of Rogers’s person-centered therapy (e.g., unconditional positive regard)?

changes patients to clients -→ goes away from negative nuances

What is behavioral therapy?

addresses maladaptive behavior with learning and conditioned principles

What is exposure therapy?

confronts client with what they fear

What is flooding?

confronts fear all at once → social anxiety, go to big party and have to talk to other people

What is systematic desensitization?

taught to be relax as they are gradually expose to what they fear

What is a token economy?

tokens gained as positive reinforcements and exchanged for reward

What is cognitive therapy?

focuses on thought process that are the basis of psychological symptoms