history final

What did the populist party want?

the populist party wanted bimetals.

What was an important battle during the American revolution?

Battle of Saratoga; major British defeat due to bad generalling.

The final battle of the American Revolution was…

The Battle of Yorktown, Colonists

What factors led to the generally low morale of the colonist soldiers?

Rations were low and soldiers were often unpaid

What were some slaves able to do during the American Revolution?

\

They were able to fight on the British side to gain freedom

What role did colonists want Native Americans to play during the war?

They wanted them to remain neutral, claiming it was a family quarrel

How were Native Americans involved in the war

The Iroquois were with the British, but Native Americans took both sides

What was the role of women during the American Revolution?

Some fought in the war and the idea of Republican Motherhood became important, but most stayed home.

What was the unintended consequence of Eli Whitney's cotton gin invention?

It led to an increase in slavery

Who heavily influenced the declaration of independence?

John Locke

Who correlates to the big stick diplomacy?

Roosevelt

What was the homestead act?

Farmers must work on land for 5 years. Factory workers went on strike.

Which case revolved around judicial review?

Marbury vs Madison

French and Indian War

1750's GB and France had colonies in North America. The british wanted to settle in the Ohio Valley and trade w/ the Native Americans. French built fences to protect their trade w/ the indians. 1754, George Washington lead army against the French

What was the first consititution?

The articles of confederation

Stamp Act

Imposed a tax on documents and printed items such as wills newspapers, and playing cards. A stamp would be placed on the tems to prove that they had been paid for

Townshend Acts

Taxed goods that were imported into the colony from Britain (ex: lead, paint, glass, paper, tea) which paid the salaries of governors and judges

Tea Act

GB granted the east India trading company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of taxes that the colonial tea sellers still had to pay. Cut out colonial merchants from tea trade by enabling the company to sell to consumers for less

Intolerable Acts

King George III tightens control over Massachusetts by closing Boston Harbor, quartering troops, and appointing General Thomas Gates as the new governor (whom place Boston under martial law). They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor in reaction to being taxed by the British.

Sugar Act

a trade law enacted by parliament in 1764 in an attempt to reduce smuggling in the British colonies in North America. halved the duty on foreign made molasses in hope that the colonist would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest. Taxed imports that had never been taxed before. If not obeyed colonist would be heard by one judge and a jury comprised of non-colonists

Colonial response to The Intolerable Acts

\-Set up First Continental Congress 1774

\-56 reps met in Philadelphia

\-Wrote a declaration of colonial rights

\-Made clear that colonists were willing to fight British for rights

Leading up to the Declaration of Independence

* First Continental Congress formed- military preparation began
* Organized minutemen: civilian soldiers who promised to be ready to fight in a minute's notice-
* Stockpiled firearms and gunpowder

Thomas Gage

(gov. of Mass.) sent troops from Boston to Concord, Mass. to seize weapons

What did the declaration of independence do?

* The delegates of the continental congress declared the colonies' independence from Britain. Written by Thomas Jefferson.
* Didn't officially make them free, they had to earn respect of other countries to be successful once independent.

When were the colonies truly free?

After they won the revolutionary war

What did the declaration state about Great Britain?

Stated what GB did wrong, that the colonies asked for help or change, never recieved from Great Britain

Why did the colonies want independence?

Colonist wanted independence because unfair taxes, no representation in parliament.

American Revolution

The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

loyalists

Those who opposed independence and remained loyal to Great Britain

Patriots

supporters of independence

What was the first battle of the Revolutionary War

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Night of April 18, 1775 Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott rode to spread word that 700 British troops were heading to Lexington \n British arrive Lexington; 8 minutemen killed and 10 injured; 1 redcoat killed \n March on to Concord-empty arsenal \n 3000-4000 minutemen gathered; killed British & forced them to flee

What was the deadliest battle of the Revolutionary War

Battle at Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

Battle at Bunker Hill

British sent 2400 troops uphill; Colonists wait at top Colonists waited; mowed down 1000 redcoats; 450 Continental Army soldiers lost

Battle of Saratoga

\-Washington lead 2400 troops across Delaware River on Christmas morning \n -surprise attack, beat British loyalists at Trenton, NJ \n -Won Battle of Saratoga \n -Gained French support \n -Patriots struggled to stay alive at Valley Forge, PA, winter of 1778 \n -Marquis de Lafayette helped lobby French

Articles of Confederations

November 15, 1777 (ratified March 1, 1781 by all 13 states) Granted the national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, and borrow money. The states held significant power for themselves, leaving the national government with little to no power over the states.

Missouri compromise

a series of agreements in congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states

Compromise of 1850

California's appeals for statehood threw off the balance in senate unrelated concern: fugitive slaves. CA: free state UT, NM: slave states, harsher fugitive slave laws

3/5ths Compromise

* called for three-fifths of a state's slaves to be counted as part of the population
* South was granted the ability to inflate its strength in the legislative and presidential elections by counting its African American property as if they were humans

Great Compromise

Offered two-house compromise to satisfy big and small states w/ fair representation

Branches

Legislative: includes congress, makes the laws. Senate- 2 senators per state, 6 yr terms. House of Reps- based on state population, 2 yr terms \n Executive: executes the laws, each state elects presidential electors based on its number of congressmen who then elect the president \n Judicial: interprets/enforces the laws, meets in the supreme court, the president appoints court judges w/ the consent of the senate

federalist

A member of a major political party in the early years of US that wanted a strong central government

Anti-federalist

A person who is opposed to the adoption of the US constitution. Backed by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

Bill of Rights

Created to insure that the gov't couldn't violate the individual\` rights of the people

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who moved to the South after the civil war

Scalawags

A white southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

granted African American’s citizenship

15th amendment

gave black males the right to vote

Interstate commerce act

\-1887 passed to regulate trade between states

\-lots of resistance from Railroads

\-No real power until the progressive era

\-designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.

Sherman Antitrust Act

\-1890

\-made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries.

\-Hard to enforce because no clear definition of "Trust"

\-no real effect on the business practice until the Progressive Era

Andrew Carnegie

\-steel industry

\-vertically and horizontally integrated steel industry

\-donated 90% of his wealth to arts and learning.

Vertical integration

Control of an industry from raw materials to finished Product distribution.

Horizontal integration

consolidation of like business

John D. Rockefeller

\-oil industry

\-lowered prices to drive out competition

\-raised prices once there was no more competition

\-controlled 90% of nations oil refining industry

\-gave over $500 million to charity

\-Were they both captains of industry or robber barons?

Urbanization during progressive era

growth of cities

\-population change from rural areas to urban areas

\-overcrowding

\-disease

\-working in factories

\-job competition

Immigration during progressive era

U.S. experienced extreme immigration

* most immigrants settled in cities
* cities became overcrowded
* escaping religious prosecution
* immigrating for freedom
* a lot of immigrants were asain

Initiative

a bill that originated by the people rather than lawmakers on a ballot

Referendum

a vote on a initiative to either accept or reject it

Recall

a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people

Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

a law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling

Meat Inspection Act 1906

a law enacted in 1906 that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program

National Reclamation Act 1902

Money from the sake of public lands in the west funded large scale irrigation. Established the precedent that the federal government would the precious water resources of the west.

Federal Reserve Act

divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district

National Child Labor Committee

sent investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions. Organized exhibitions with photos and statistics to dramatize the children's plights. Joined by the labor unions who argued that child labor lowered wages for all workers

Muller v Oregon

was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it was used to justify both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period.

Bunting v Oregon

persuaded the court to uphold a 10 hour work day for men

16th amendment

* legalized a graduated income tax
* gave the federal gov the power to lay and collect an income tax regardless of the source of that income

17th amendment

provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures

18th amendment

prohibited import, export, transport, manufacture, or sale of alcohol.

19th amendment

granted women the right to vote

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

William Taft

\-Elected as president in 1908 after being chosen as Roosevelt's hand-picked Successor

\-made controversial cabinet decisions-wasn't seen as progressive enough for many republicans

\-Roosevelt was upset about his performance creating Bull Moose Party next Election in 1912

\-this split the republican party in half and a democrat won the election.

\- Woodrow Wilson won the election.

Woodrow Wilson

Won election in 1912

Reform governor of New Jersey previously

Won cause Roosevelt's Bull Moose party Create the 14 points after WW1

14 points were peace negotiations to end WW1

No secret alliances

Muckrakers

One of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900's

Marbury v Madison

1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional;this power came to be known as judicial review.

Dred Scott v Stanford

Scott, a slave, believed since he lived on free territory, he should be free

* court ruled against him
* supreme court ruled that African Americans were not/could never be citizens

Plessy v Ferguson

a 1986 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation by race in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing a "separate but equal" doctrine

Schenck v US

* US supreme court case conceding enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during WWI
* Under wartime conditions, the words in the leaflets were not protected by the right to free speech

Homesteading

Offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen/ intended citizens who was head of household

Populism

A late 19th century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers

\- populists wanted an19th-century increase in $ supply

\- a rise in prices received for goods

\- graduated income tax

\-federal loan program

Railroads

* made secret agreements w/ middlemen
* grain brokers and merchants
* that allowed the railroads to control grain storage prices and to influence market price of crops
* farmers paid super high prices to transport grain, lack of competition

Dollar Diplomacy

the U.S. policy of using the nation's economic power to exert influence over other nations

Moral Diplomacy

in moral diplomacy the US has the moral responsibility to deny recognition to and Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interest.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Prohibition

\-prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

bootleggers

those that sold alcohol illegally

Volstead Act

carry out intent of 18th amendment, which established prohibition

Prohibition led to what

\-contributed to organized crime in nearly every major city.

\-Al Capone on the rise-disrespect for the law increased causing people not to follow simple laws.

\-were allowed to make and drink their own alcohol

Farmers' issues

\-During WW1 supplied food to other countries. Post WW1 the need to produce for other counties ended which led to farmers overproducing. Overproducing food resulted in farmers losing much profits, and couldn’t stay in business.

\- During the 1920s thousands of farms failed.

Red Scare

\-A period of fear of communism and radical ideas

\-post WW1 after the Bolsheviks reign in the Soviet Union ended.

Harlem Renaissance

\-the flowering of African-American artistic creativity during the 1920's, centered in the Harlem community of New York City. \n - Well-known1920s artists = James Weldon Johnson, Marcus Garvey, Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Louis Armstrong, Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington, and Bessie Smith

Great Migration

hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the south to south to big cities in search of jobs

First 10 amendments

1st Amendment: Freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly \n 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms \n 3rd Amendment: the right to refuse quartering soldiers \n 4th Amendment: freedom from search and seizure \n 5th Amendment: right to due process of law \n 6th Amendment: the right to a speedy trial \n 7th Amendment: the right to trial by jury \n 8th Amendment: no cruel or unusual punishment \n 9th Amendment: constitutional right not to deny other rights \n 10th Amendment: state’s rights

WWI Homefront: economic change

industry back in the states boomed. Manufacturers had to keep up with the high demand which increased production for military items. In order to produce more materials in a short amount of time, new technologies were developed to help manufactures keep up with the needs of the people and the government. This lead to new employment opportunities for women and African-Americans. Also demand for farm crops.

Dust Bowl

* - the region, including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930's

Agricultural Adjustment Act

was a United States federal law of the New Deal era which reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops.

Civilian Conservation Corps

put young men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in soil erosion and flood-control projects

Social Security Act

provided aid to retirees, , the unemployed, people w/ disabilities, and families with dependent children