Science Section IV Migration

What is a migration? (Page 88)

An animal’s movement from one location to another.

What is a core component of migration? (Page 88)

Moving to a new habitat as apart of a life cycle, or making an annual trip before returning to the starting location

What is Zugunrehe? (Page 88)

The restlessness animals feel when it is time to migrate.

What is dispersal? (Page 89)

When an animal leaves to find new territory, further away from where it was born.

What makes dispersal different from migration? (Page 89)

Dispersal is simply moving away from where you are born, but migration is predictable and there is a return journey.

Is migration the same as dispersal? (Page 89)

No, they are different forms of animal movement

Migration has been observed in bird species that lived up to how many years ago? (Page 89)

Over 250,000

How do scientists believe migration occured? (Spontaneously or gradually) (Page 89)

Gradually

Where on Earth is migration rare? (Page 89)

Near the equator

Why is migration rare near the equator? (Page 89)

The temperature is consistent all year round.

What are the 2 types of migration behaviour? (Page 89)

Obligate migrators and facultative migrators

What is an obligate migrator? (Page 89)

An animal that must migrate, no matter what.

What is a facultative migrator? (Page 89)

An animal that can choose whether to migrate depending on local conditions.

In early human history, migration of what animals helped shape human migration? (Page 89)

Wildebeests (humans followed their food source)

Barnacle goose scientific name? (Page 89)

Branta leucopsis

What order are gooseneck barnacles from? (Page 89) Taxonomy

Pedunculata

Who believed that barnacle geese came from actual barnacles?

Aristole

Why were no geese nests found in europe?

The animals would travel north to breed.

What is partial migration? (Page 90)

When some animals in a group choose not to complete the migration, or not migrate at all.

What are residents? (Page 90)

Animals that choose not to migrate, even when others of their species have.

American Kestrel scientific name? (Page 91)

Falco sparverius

The lower latitude the American kestrel species lives, what are the chances that the kestrel migrates? (Page 91)

Kestrels in the north are obligate migrants, kestrels in middle of the u.s. are facultative, and kestrels in the south dont migrate. I.E. the further south, the less migration

Obligate migrators must migrate or what? (Page 91)

They will die.

Arctic tern scientific name? (Page 91)

Sterna paradisaea

What animal migrates between the north and south pole every year? (Page 91)

The arctic tern

What characteristic of the arctic tern makes it migration possible? (Page 92)

Its lightweight and streamlined body

When laying eggs, birds require what resource? (Page 92)

Calcium and protein

Where do birds get calcium and protein from? (Page 92)

Eating insects

Lesser flamingo scientific name? (Page 93)

Phoeniconaias minor

Spotted hyena scientific name? (Page 93)

Crocuta crocuta

Northern elephant seal scientific name? (Page 93)

Mirounga angustirostris

Where do northern elephant seals spend most of their lives? (Page 93)

In the pacific ocean

Where do northern elephant seals travel when they want to mate? (Page 93)

The west coast of the u.s.

To save energy, when migrating, many animals inhibit what body system? (Page 94)

Their reproductive

Migratory songbirds have pouches of what, when it is time to migrate? (Page 95)

pouches of fat

Male garden warbler scientific name?

Sylvia borin

How does the male garden warbler prepare for migration?

Its organs shrink

By how much does the male garden warbler’s reproductive organ grow when its ready to mate?

300%

Where do white crown sparrows mate?

Sierra Nevada Mountains and Alaska as high elevations

What struggles can the White crown sparrow face in its migratory journey?

Harsh snow storms, as it flies to lower elevation

Migration relies on habitats being what?

predictable

Chinook salmon scientific name?

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

What are some cues that help animals know that its time to migrate?

Temperature, daylight, weather

What is the most stable cue for migrating animals?

The Earth’s magnetic field

What event can disrupt the Earth’s magnetic field, and send animals off course when migrating?

Solar flares

During periods of high solar flare activity, whales are more likely to do what?

Lose their sense of direction and beach themselves,

Which type of cues are most important for a migrating animal? (Internal or external)

Internal cues Ex: hormone changes, or detection of the earth’s magnetic field

What is magnetoreception?

A sense in animals that lets them detect the earth’s magnetic field

What is a quorum response?

The chances of an individual doing something, after a certain amount of the group have decided to do it

What is an olfactory cue?

An odor molecule that represents something to an animal. Ex: Sharks and blood

How do animals use olfactory cues when migrating?

They are able to remember the “smell” of where they were born, following it to home

Coho salmon scientific name?

Oncorhynchus kisutch

What type of animals don’t ever migrate?

Invertebrates that live underground (Worms)

What is the closest behaviour to migration that burrowing invertebrates have?

Burrowing deeper underground depending on the whether

Pronghorn scientific name?

Antilocapra americana

Where do Pronghorns make their migration?

Across the central united states

What is the pronghorn’s main method of dealing with predators?

Running

How does snow impact a pronghorn?

it makes it harder for them to run away from predators

What is the largest over-land migration?

The Nile migration

What is the Nile migration?

6 million antelope travel over 1000 miles across South Sudan

How do antelope support the ecosystem as they migrate?

They fertilize the ground, break up the soil with their hooves, and eat larger vegetation

What is the white eared kob scientific name? Kobus Kob

Kobus Kob

What animal has the shortest land migration?

The dusky grouse

Dusky grouse scientific name?

Dendragapus obscurus

Can the dusky grouse fly?

Yes, but only short distance; it mostly walks

How many miles do the dusky grouse travel in the springtime?

30 miles

Where does the dusky grouse nest?

In the lucious woodlands

After hatching their eggs, where does the dusky grouse return to?

The higher elevation, snowy area

What does the dusky grouse eat at high elevations?

Fir needles