Mid-term for History 11

Pre-Columbian America

An era that incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences. Many pre-Columbian civilizations established hallmarks that included permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records.

Mayan's agricultural

Mayan's Agriculture brought important benefits, farmers could produce more food than hunters enabling some members of community to pursue other skills

Three Sisters

corn, beans, squash

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

How did Natives Americans feel about their tools?

Natives Americans felt a personal ownership of tools/weapons or other items that were actively used same rule applied to land and crops

How did the Native Americana treat animals?

Native Americans treated their animals with respect after they killed them or just in general.

European Expansion

A time period in European history where European countries conquered land in other continents and created huge and powerful empires. This led to trade and settlements in these new lands. Also, european countries fought over land within europe causing wars such as the Thirty Year's war.

Leif Ericson

Alleged leader of a group of Icelandic people who sailed to the eastern coast of Canada and unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the area around the year 1000.

European Revolutions

1848-1849 (They were discovering new sailing tactics, printing ,people, can now read, news spreading, people learning , military, guns, power contracted, nation states, and support traveling on boats.) France and Spain were very wealthy.

Spanish-American

Born around 1485, Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain.1898

Tehochtitlan

Capital city of the Aztecs

Casta Paintings

Paintings from New Spain showing people of mixed races

Families (The top rich and the bottom poor)

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to (Asia). He thought he landed in China and was looking for spices at that time. He wanted to spread Christianity in the new world. Faith made them do it. He thought the earth was small and went the other way and he founded America.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Natives Americans were killed by mainly what?

Small pox and the dieses that the Columbian exchange brought. 95% were almost wiped out in 130 years.

Founding of Virginia

the Virginia Company of London tried getting money to find establishments here; was granted permission; in 1607, Jamestown was established way up the James river (both named after King James) for fear of Spanish Attack

Kateri Tekakwitha

A Mohawk princess who converted to Christianity and became a healer and missionary to Native Americans before her death as a martyr at age 24. She would be very devoted to god. April 17, 1680 age die.

English Colonization

Initiated in Virginia and spread many companies such as the Virginia Company of Plymouth. The English sometimes worked peacefully with Native Americans to exchange goods and ideas, but often their cultures clashed. God, Glory, and Gold. Reasons to plant Christianity.

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. In 1584 he wrote A Discourse of Western Planting in which he pleaded for colonies to accomplish diverse objects: to extend the reformed religion, to expand trade, to supply England's needs from her own dominions, and various other reasons for exploration.

The Americas/new world

Where were they sending the white poors to?

Roanoke (1585, 1587)

First attempt by the English to establish a colony. In 1587, White became governor of Sir Walter Raleigh's failed attempt at a permanent settlement on Roanoke Island, known to history as the "Lost Colony". This was the earliest effort to establish a permanent English colony in the New World.

Jamestown (1607)

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia. In the beginning they were unsuccessful because their was a lot of dieses, violence, drought, harsh winter, and drinking water was bad. They would eat rats and even humans. Jamestown was an economic endeavor.

The Natives were the biggest help they had in Jamestown. Powatan would send food to help the struggling colonist witch help them survive

How they survived in Jamestown?

Powatan

Chief, Pocahontas's father

-father of Pocahontas and the ruler of the tribes that lived in the area where English colonist founded Jamestown settlement

-traded with John Smith

Pochahontas

Chief Powhatan daughter who married John Rolfe ending the first Powhatan wars.

John Smith (1580-1631)

Saved Jamestown colony with no work/no food policy and was a very good leader.

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia. Jamestown only had white land owners and the were the one in the houses because they were rich and they wanted to stay in power. Jamestown wanted to make things better.

Headright System (1618)

A policy first announced by the Virginia Company in 1618, by which the company granted 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage to Virginia.

Tobacco in Jamestown (1612)

John Rolfe began planting tobacco in Virginia. Many were willing to buy so growing tobacco became very popular. Tobacco quickly became the most valuable crop, and by 1616 tobacco was profitless due to overproduction.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Slavery in Jamestown

In 1619 the first Africans arrived in Jamestown, they sold the slaves for tobacco. Some were slaves for life while others earned their freedom. At the time race did not matter and both white and blacks were look at the same if the were poor they would work.

1690

Slavery started and it was harsh working conditions but they did not have to stay their for life. They can become free after a while. Children of slaves were born free at in these times and they could be land owners. At the time black and whites were equal.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

After Bacon's Rebellion

-Taxes were reduced

-Made many higher up change many things about the government at that time

-Whites were better know

-Blacks were not they were lower

-He/bacon divide groups and made everything worst

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Bundling puritans

Basically, bundling was when courting couples would share a bed for a night, with the expectation that they would remain fully clothed and not have sex.

Protestant Reformation (1517)

The breakaway of many groups from Catholicism and their formation of a variety of demoninations.

-Would have have to pay to get your love one out of purgatory

-Priesthood was a big calling at this time

- Can interpret the bible in their own words at this time

1) Martin Luther

2) Reformation in England (King Henry VIII - annulment, head of the Church of England)

3) John Calvin (predestination, denied beliefs in sacraments, papacy, monasticism, + clerical celibacy)

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

-they believed in one god and they wanted to make everyone pure

-It was important to have a relationship with god

-10 commandments

The Pilgrims (1620) winter

There were many days so stormy no work could be done on the houses. Food was scarce, and every day some of the men tramped through the deep snow in search of game.

Samoset and Squanto

-Acted as translators between puritans and indians and brought supplies to help pilgrams survive

-Native American leader and friend of the early colonists. He was the first to sell land to the Pilgrims (1625).

-Samoset told the Pilgrims that he had learned the language from English fishermen in the north.

The Body of Liberties (1641)

-Massachusetts; The first legal code enforced by European colonists in New England listing liberties and not restrictions.

-Protected woman's

-No cruelty of animals

-Gay would go to jail

-One pastor would talk to 1000-5000 people at once

-Church would be a form of internment

-If you had a church membership you were a visible saint

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

Roland freedom of religion

This was where humans would go if they were vanished because they were not holy and here they can speak their mind.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Pequot War (1636-1638)

Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies.

King Philip's War, 1675

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

The Middle Colonies 1609

The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson for the Dutch East India Company in 1609, sailing up the Hudson River to present-day Albany, New York, and along the Delaware Bay.

The Dutch were their for business and trade and to spread the word of god.

.What were the Dutch doing in the middle colonies?

Huguenots

French Protestants (they were the wealthy nobles while most of France was Catholic) They were mainly in New York.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania ( they were a little crazy)

Development of African Slavery

-Rice, indigo, sugar, and tobacco

-Slavery started to get worst because the crops were hard to harvest

-South saw slavery as an economic benefits

-It was an American problem

-The enlightenment was the start of saying blacks were lower then whites

-Made slavery worst

Middle Passage

-The route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

-It was pack down their it was really bad and a lot of dieses would spread

-Slaves would get hit

Speculum Oris

a specific torture devise designed to force feed slaves from Africa slave ships to America

-Men would get their ball cut off.

-Women would get their ear cut off.

What would they do to slaves if they runway?

Anglicanism

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval).Henry VIII's reign (1509-47) is usually remembered for the King's six wives and his legendary appetite. Infamously, he sent two of his wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, to their deaths on the executioner's block at the Tower of London.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Led the Roundheads. Thought he was chosen by God He ruled England as Lord Protector by using his New Model Army to control the government. Eventually he ruled as a military dictator.

William III and Mary II

Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689. William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War.

.-Their was a lot of economics growth

-Population as growing a lot

-Poor white can affords things now

-Americas were richer and could drink anything like tea

-Everyone was getting close to each other

Population in this time? Will. and Mar.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Consumer Revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

"salutary/benign neglect"

Description of British/English authorities' focus on their domestic and international issues that allowed American colonists to develop some political, economic, & social autonomy; its elimination in the post- Seven Years' War period strongly contributed to the American Revolution

Tab.

Were places where you could eat and drink and do anything and everyone would get drunk but felt united.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience. He wrote the Critique of Pure Reason and believed in uniting reason with experience, that the mind is a filter, that we experience things simply through our senses, and that reason is the source of morality; he was particularly prolific in the philosophy of ethics and metaphysics. He published a pamphlet in 1782 entitled What is Enlightenment? He answered, Sapere Aude [dare to know]! 'Have the courage to use your own understanding' is therefore the motto of enlightenment. He argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. He was no revolutionary; he also insisted that in their private lives, individuals must obey all laws, not matter how unreasonable, and should be punished for "impertinent" criticism. He also tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public sphere. He also popularized ideas of race and taught and wrote about "anthropology" and "geography."

Atheist

A person who denies the existence of God

philosophy

A system of beliefs and values, love of wisdom

American Philosophical Society

Society in Philadelphia in which doctors, lawyers, and local officials gathered to discuss Enlightened ideas. Came in the late nineteenth century.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

-His thinking was on science and reason.

-Made library's

-one of the founding fathers

-he would sometimes pray to god but he didn't believe their was one

The Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

-he believed in the idea of predestination in which god had long ago decided who was dammed and who was saved

-he was very boring

God did it

What was one reason for the great awakening?

What was second reason for the great awakening?

Cultural crisis (Saleem, witch trials)

Spiritual crisis (theology, many were not going to church)

What was thirds reason for the great awakening?

Gorge Whitefield

preacher who drew large crowds during the Great Awakening

-According to him the only type of faith was that to pleased god was heartfelt

Print (G.W.)

-Print made people read more books

-Print made people able to spread the word of theses preachers way of thinking.

-They also educated a person

Evangelism of black and natives (G.W.)

-Many of them converted (Christianity)

-All people stood as equal on the cross

Movement (G.W.)

-forced though at this time /to think logically

Ideas of Freedom and lines (G.W.)

-just to be free

-not sure

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Gorge Washington

Leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War

(1754-1757)

-However , after 1757 the war began to turn in favor of great Britain

-part of the war went against the the British the French defeated Britain germen allies and foced them to surrender after the battle of hastenbeck in 1757

James Wolfe (1727-1759)

Young British commander who skillfully outmaneuvered French forces in the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War.

Historian Gordon Wood

-"American were not oppressed people... they felt more freedom,"

Paying the bills

-Paying taxes

-Sir Robert "I will leave that for some of my successors who have more courage that i have"

-Gorge Grenville

-Making money

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

-Timing

-The person it affected /lawyer

-Taxation

What were the 3 reasons that they hated the stamp act?

No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Non-importation agreements

A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.

Daughter of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution. They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British rulers. They helped make the boycott of British trade effective by making their own materials instead of using British imports.

Son of Liberty

A secret organization of American Patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution.

Declaration Act of 1766

Law issued by Parliament to assert Parliament's unassailable right to legislate for its British colonies "in all cases whatsoever," putting Americans on notice that the simultaneous repeal of the Stamp Act changed nothing in the imperial powers of Britain.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

John Hankons

-He was a merchant that would smuggle goods

-He was big mad that he had to pay now berceuse of the nasty British

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Sons of liberty dump tea in boston harbor

The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin's Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing "taxation without representation," dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor.