Definitions of Anatomical Terminology, The Cell , Epithelial Tissues, Connective, Muscle, and Neural Tissues, integument (SKIN) and derivatives, and Exocrine Glands

Anatomical Position

the scientifically agreed upon reference position for anatomical location terms

Midline

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)

Lateral

farther away from the midline

Medial

closest to the midline

Proximal

a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part.

Distal

sites located away from a specific area, most often the center of the body.

Caudal

area near the umbilical reigon

Cranial

area of the head

Dorsal Surface

the back, or upper side, of an organism

Palmar Surface

The palm or grasping side of the hand.

Plantar Surface

the sole of the foot

Diaphragm

The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen.

Dorsal Cavity

contains the spinal column, central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord), and meninges (i.e., tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord).

Cranial Cavity

the space formed inside the skull.

Spinal Cavity

an anatomical space formed by the vertebral column that stores an integral portion of the central nervous system: the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots branching off the spinal cord bilaterally.

Ventral Cavity

at the anterior, or front, of the trunk which contains the heart, lungs, rib cage.

Thoracic Cavity

a hollow space surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, thymus. , sympathetic trunk, and the great vessels.

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart

Abdominal Cavity

largest hollow space of the body which contains the stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines

Pelvic Cavity

a funnel-shaped space surrounded by pelvic bones which contains female reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and male ducts

Transverse Plane

horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. (think of it as a walkable surface)

Frontal Plane

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. (cutting in half to have front and back)

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

Cell Membrane

encloses the cell, made of phospholipids and proteins

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

fluid portion of the cell distributes materials and is the center of metabolic activities. Enzymes and other proteins used by the body are produced within here

Cytoskeleton

1. a microscopic network of protein __filaments__ and __tubules__ in the __cytoplasm__ of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

Microvilli

fingerlike projections are found in cells of the digestive tract, in which absorption takes place into the cells

Cilia

long hairlike extensions found on the cells of the respiratory tract, trap dust particles and move sticky mucus along to remove it from the respiratory surface

Centrosome

the primary microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in animal cells, and so it regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase, and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis.

Centrioles

a minute __cylindrical__ __organelle__ near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of __spindle__ fibers in cell division.

Ribosomes

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Mitochondrion

make most of the energy for the cell and have their own genetic material that is different from the genetic material found in the nucleus.

Nucleus

the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

Nucleolus

body of RNA found in the nucleus suspended in the nucleoplasm

Nucleoplasm

is a type of protoplasm that is composed of thick fluid and constitutes chromatin fibres made up of DNA and usually found in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm (gel-like fluid) of a cell. Proteins and other molecules move through this

Rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum that contains ribosomes

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum with no ribosomes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.

Golgi Body

helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Lysosome

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Peroxisome

small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism.

Basement Membrane

attached to epithelial tissues

Simple Squamous Epithelium

a single layer of flat cells that line blood vessels, air sacs of the lung, and portions of the kidneys

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

single layer of cube-shaped cells found in kidney tubules and many excretory ducts of the glands. Secretes various substances and used for protection

Simple Columnar Epithelium

single layer of tall cylindrical cells with the nuclei occurring at the base of the cells. EX: Gastrointestinal tract, ducts and glands

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

epithelium cells that are cylindrical shaped with cilia at the surface, nasal cavity, bronchia

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

epithelium where stress is severe, lining of mouth, esophagus, terminal side of the tongue, protection

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

epithelium that is protective, found in portion of pharynx and excretory ducts

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

epithelium that is cubed shaped found along the ducts of sweat glands of the skin and mammary glands

Transitional Epithelium

epithelium cells that are a variety of cells ranging from squamous to cuboidal to columnar cells, ex: urinary bladder (stretches to help with bladder filling and emptying)

Elastic Fibers

fibers that have a network within tissues

Reticular Fibers

form a network reticulum around muscle cells and provide support to the blood vessel walls

Collagen Fibers

protein fibers that are tough, flexible, lying parallel to each other, providing strength strength in the bone tendon, and ligaments

Mesenchymal Cells

respond to the presence of pathogens by differentiating into other cells that produce antimicrobial substances

Fibroblasts

assist with the healing of wounds

Fat Cells

contain large droplets of oil or fat

Melanocyte

a connective tissue cell that produces pigment, in skin and hair fibers

Plasma Cell

cell that responds to pathogens by producing antibodies

Mast Cells

small, mobile cells containing granules which release to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow to injured area

Wandering Macrophage

moves about through the tissues phagocytizing bacteria and other pathogens

Sessile Macrophage

remains in a localized area of the tissue

Lymphocyte

white blood cell stimulated by foreign substances, antibody producing plasma cell

Red Blood Cells

hemoglobin

Muscle Tissue

consists of muscle cells bound together end to end to form long muscle fibers

Striated Muscle

under voluntary control and has striations, have bands, have nuclei (muscle)

Cardiac Muscle

not under voluntary control, have nuclei (muscle)

Smooth Muscle

Contains cells with many nuclei but no striations, in lining of visceral organs: stomach and bladder (muscle)

Nerve Cell

generate and transmit nerve impulses

Cell Body

in nerve cell, where cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles, and other cell structures reside

Axon

long extension in the nerve cell which ends in numerous fibers

Dendrites

in nerve cell that receive impulses from other nerve cells and transport them to the cell body

Exocrine Glands

unicellular or multicellular glands

Simple Exocrine Gland

include tubular glands, coiled simple glands, and a branched simple exocrine gland

Tubular Gland

intestinal glands that secrete digestive juices

Coiled Simple Glands

sweat glands, cells occur in a coiled tube

Branched Simple Exocrine Gland

one single unbranched duct even thought the glands exist in branches, glands of tongue and esophagus

Simple Alveolar Glands

occur in flask like sacs. Found in stages of development of branched simple glands.

Branched Alveolar Glands

have numerous sacs leading to one major duct

Compound Exocrine (Tubular) Gland

glands found in the testes of males and mucus glands of mouth

Alveolar Compound Gland

gland with numerous sacs distributed among its branches. The mammary glands are compound alveolar glands

Tubuloalveolar Glands

salivary glands

Holocrine Gland

oil gland that discharges cells and secretions, there are also developing cells here

Merocrine Gland

salivary glands that discharges secretions into a nearby duct

Apocrine Gland

in this gland, a part of the cell breaks off the lining but the cell still remains intact (mammary gland)

Epidermis

thin outermost layer of the skin

Stratum Corneum

most superficial layer of the epidermis, flat dead cells filled with the protein keratin, protects against heat microorganisms, chemicals, and light

Stratum Lucidum

clear flat cells with prekeratin substances, found in palms of hands and soles of feet

Stratum Granulosum

flattened cells containing the substance keratohyalin

Stratum Spinosum

large layer of the epidermis keratin is produced in many of these cells

Stratum Basale

single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells

Dermis

Second layer of skin, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat glands, arteries and veins

Hypodermis

subcutaneous layer of skin

Sebaceous Glands

oil glands with hair follicles

Sweat Glands

deliver water secretions or sweat to the sweat gland ducts

Sweat Gland Ducts

carries sweat to the sweat gland pores

Sweat Gland Pores

spot where the sweat gland releases the sweat

Hair Shaft

projects above the body surface (hair)

Root

what penetrates into the dermis (hair)

Root Sheath

covers the root of the hair

Bulb

base of the hair follicle