Nutrition Final CVD

CVD

What is the leading cause of death in Palestine?

Global health issue

CVD is a…………

31%

What is the total percentage for CVD in Palestine and USA?

5% of individuals achieved ideal CV health.

American heart association in 2020 concluded that…..

Similar

Death rates for CVD in men and women are?

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

What is the most common form of CVD?

Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries that supply blood to heart muscle

What is the usual cause of CHD?

Myocardial infarction (MI)

What happens when atherosclerosis restricts blood in arteries leading to the heart?

Stroke

What happens when atherosclerosis restricts blood in arteries leading to the brain?

Better lifestyle

What can significantly reduce the risk of CVD?

Hardening of the arteries

Atherosclerosis is also referred to as?

Vulnerable Plaque

Unstable form of plaque?

Plaque

accumulation of fatty deposits, fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells, collectively known as?

chronic injuries that damage the inner arterial wall

When does atherosclerosis begin to develop?

The intima

What is the inner surface of a coronary capillary that may be inured?

Local Enzymes

How do LDLs get oxidised?

Inflammation

What happens after LDLS get oxidized?

Foam Cells

After Arterial macrophages engulf these altered LDL what do they become?

Fatty streaks

Foam cells are visible as fatty deposits along artery walls known as?

loss of elasticity and partial blockage

When fibrosis in blood vessels occur what can happen?

Interfere with blood flow

When atherosclerosis worsens what can happen?

Arteries of the legs and kidney tissue

Other than the brain and heart what can atherosclerosis affect?

Compounds in cigarette smoke (including nicotine) are toxic to endothelial cells and contribute to arterial injury

How does smoking affect atherosclerosis?

Can cause arterial physiological changes

How does stress/hypertension affect atherosclerosis?

Elevated VLDL, LDL, and low HDL

How does abnormal lipid profile/dyslipidemia affect atherosclerosis?

As a person ages the risk of atherosclerosis increases significantly in men and women older than 45 and 55 years of age, respectively, and High levels of the a.a homocysteine have been associated with aging and are more prevalent in men

How does age and gender affect atherosclerosis?

initiate and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis due to chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress

How does diabetes mellitus affect atherosclerosis?

Elevated C-reactive proteins, increased serum fibrinogen, insulin resistance, infection, and periodontal disease

Other than the main factors what can also be considered as factors that lead to atherosclerosis?

a harmful substance that can contribute to atherosclerosis

what is the homocysteine ?

Folate, Pyridoxine, and Vitamin B12

What can lower the levels of homocysteine?

C-Reactive Protein

What is a protein that indicates inflammation and is associated with an increased risk in heart disease?

Abnormal lipid profile

Dyslipidemia is also referred to as?

Carry triglycerides from intestine to body

What do Chylomicrons do?

Carry triglycerides from Liver to the rest of the body

what do VLDL do?

Carry cholesterol from liver to the rest of the body

what do LDL do?

Carry cholesterol from body to liver

what do HDL do?

What is the desirable level of Total blood cholesterol (Mg/dL)?

200-239

What is the borderline high risk level for Total blood cholesterol (mg/dL)?

greater than or equal to 240

what is considered high risk levels for total blood cholesterol?

what is the desirable levels for LDL cholesterol?

130-159

what is the borderline high risk levels for LDL cholesterol?

160-189

what is the high risk levels for LDL cholesterol?

greater than or equal to 60

What is the desirable levels for HDL cholesterol?

40-59

What is the borderline high risk levels for HDL cholesterol in MEN?

50-59

What is the borderline high risk levels for HDL cholesterol in WOMEN?

what is the high risk levels for HDL cholesterol in MEN?

what is the high risk levels for HDL cholesterol in WOMEN?

What is the desirable levels for Triglycerides?

150-199

What is the borderline high risk levels for triglycerides?

200-499

What is the high risk levels for triglycerides?

18\.5-24.9

What is the desirable body mass index?

25-29.9

What is the borderline high risk body mass index?

greater than or equal to 30

What is the high risk body mass index?

100-129

What is considered the near optimal level of LDL?

What is the desirable goal of LDL levels for a very high risk patient?

greater than or equal to 190

What LDL levels indicates a person is very high risk?

greater than or equal to 500

What Triglycerides levels are considered very high risk?

Subtract the HDL level from the total cholesterol level

How do we estimate non-HDL cholesterol?

30

Non-HDL cholesterol risk levels are ________________ higher than the LDL risk levels

Therapy to reach LDL goal, increased physical activity and intensify weight management

What are some treatment methods for elevated triglyceride levels?

Non-HDL cholesterol 30 mg/dL higher than LDL goal

If triglycerides are greater than or equal to 200 after LDL goal is reached what is a secondary goal that we can put into place?

reduce intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, increase intake in Plant sterol/stanols and soluble fibers, reduce body weight, increase physical activity

What is the Dyslipidemia dietary management?

< 7% of total energy intake per day and less than 200 mg/day

What is the TLC recommendation for Saturated Fat and Cholesterol?

2 grams per day

What is the TLC recommendation for Plant sterols?

10-25 grams per day

What is the TLC recommendation for soluble fibers?

adjust to achieve healthy weight

What is the TLC recommendation for total calories?

At least 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity most days of the week(expend 200 kcal/day)

What is the TLC recommendation for physical activity?

Reducing the intake of packaged foods; baked goods such as crackers, cookies, and dough- nuts

What is the TLC recommendation for Trans Fat?

Limit to less than 2400 mg per day when indicated

What is the TLC recommendation for sodium?

Plant oils and nuts

Where do you get monounsaturated fats?

Lower LDL levels

What do monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated fat do?

Vegetable oil and margarine without trans fat

Where do we get polyunsaturated fat?

25-35%

What is the TLC total fat recommendation?

50-60%

What is the TLC recommendation for Carbohydrates?

Get it from low fat animal protein and it helps lower LDL

What is the TLC recommendations for Protein?

Eggs, Low fat dairy, fish, skinless poultry, lean cut of beef, beans, nuts, legumes, and whole grains

What are some possible proteins recommended by the TLC?

Plants

What are Sterols and Phytosterols produced by?

Plant sterol

what is very poorly absorbed by the human intestine?

Soybean oil and Tall (pine tree) oil

What are some sources of plant sterols?

Absorption of cholesterol and bile

What do plant sterol interfere with?

10%

How much does inclusion of plant sterols reduce LDL cholesterol?

Abnormal levels of both anthropometry and biochemistry

When is Metabolic syndrome diagnosed?

>102cm (>40in)

What is the high risk abdominal waist circumference for men?

>88cm (>35in)

What is the high risk abdominal waist circumference for women?

greater than or equal to 130 / greater than or equal to 80

What is the blood pressure that helps in identifying metabolic syndrome?

greater than or equal to 110

what is the fasting glucose levels that help identify metabolic syndrome?

Abdominal obesity

What is the factor that is most associated with metabolic syndrome?

Body weight, might help reduce fatness, blood pressure and lowers risk of stroke and heart failure

What does physical activity control?

Increases HDL and has minimal effects on LDL

How does Physical activity effect Lipid levels?

Sedentary

CHD risk is 150-240% higher in ____________ people rather than people who normally exercise?

at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or at least 75 minutes of vigorous exercise and muscle strengthening activities at least 2 days per week

What does the guidelines for Americans 2018 recommend people of for physical activity?

Low fat, Mediterranean, DASH and Vegetarian

What are the recommended diets to lower the risk of CVD?

Obesity

According to the American Heart association what can be determined as a independent factor of CVD?

Distribution of fat especially Abdominal obesity

What is an independent risk factor for CHD?

Accumulation of abdominal fat

What promotes insulin resistance?

glucose intolerance, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL as well as hypertension.

What does insulin resistance cause?

Life style based

The key therapeutic modalities to treat weight gain and obesity are?

Hypertension

What is defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) of 140 mm Hg or higher and diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or taking anti-hypertensive medications.?

High blood pressure

What is the most prevalent vascular disease around the world?

stroke and kidney failure

Hypertension is also the primary cause for?