A&P 1 final

The type of muscle in blood vessels is:
a. Smooth
b. Circular
c. Striated
d. Cardiac
e. Voluntary

a. smooth

The blood-brain barrier consists of:
a. capillaries joined by desmosomes that are closer together than they are elsewhere
b. Aligned blood cells
c. capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes
d. a sheet of muscle tissue that separates the brain from the skull.
e. Nanoparticles

c. capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes

A basement membrane anchors:
a. Muscle to nerve tissue
b. blood cells to blood plasma.
c. Connective to muscle tissue
d. brain to nervous tissue
e. Epithelial to connective tissue

e. Epithelial to connective tissue

Collagen is a major component of
a. Bone
b. Ligament
c. connective tissue.
d. Tendon
e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Epithelial tissue functions in:
a. reacting to stimuli, thinking, and remembering.
b. Secretion, absorption, and protection
c. Contraction, movement and reflexes
d. nourishing and hydrating tissues.
e. None of the above

b. Secretion, absorption, and protection

Histology is the study of:
a. Cells
b. History
c. Molecules
d. Tissues
e. Organ function

d. Tissues

The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is:
a. Transitional epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Glandular epithelium
d. Simple squamous epithelium
e. stratified cuboidal epithelium.

c. Glandular epithelium

Which of the following is not true about the extracellular matrix?
a. It is the same in all tissues
b. It may include integrins
c. In epithelium it consists of a basement membrane and interstitial matrix.
d. It is disrupted in various diseases.
e. In many body parts it includes various glycoproteins.

a. It is the same in all tissues

Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue?
a. Some of its cells send electrochemical messages.
b. Its cells sense changes in their surroundings.
c. It has the most highly specialized body cells
d. It is found in the brain and spinal cord.
e. Its intercellular space is filled with collagen

e. Its intercellular space is filled with collagen

Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called:
a. Osteons
b. Lacunae
c. Central canals
d. osteomorphs.
e. canaliculi.

c. Central canals

Intercellular junctions connect
a. gap and tight junctions
b. Cell membranes
c. Blood cells
d. Cell nuclei
e. microtubules

b. Cell membranes

Smooth muscle is found in the wall of
a. The stomach
b. The intestine
c. kidney and liver.
d. The stomach and intestine
e. None of the above

d. The stomach and intestine

Extracellular matrix consists of
a. Blood and pus
b. Ground substance and protein fibers
c. fixed cells and wandering cells
d. heparin and keratin.
e. lacunae and lamellae

b. Ground substance and protein fibers

A \_______ membrane has tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.
a. Synovial
b. Cell
c. epithelial
d. Mucous
e. serous

d. Mucous

Adipose tissue is a form of
a. connective tissue
b. Bone
c. Muscle
d. Epithelium
e. Nervous tissue

a. connective tissue

Which of the following characteristics is used to distinguish tissue types?
a. How long the cells live
b. Number of inclusions
c. Number of mitochondria
d. Location of cells in the body
e. Organization of cells

e. Organization of cells

A carcinoma is a cancer originating from
a. Muscle tissue
b. Nerve tissue
c. Epithelium
d. connective tissue
e. The large intestine

c. Epithelium

Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands?
a. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple squamous epithelium
d. Connective tissue
e. Glandular epithelium

b. Simple cuboidal epithelium

The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is
a. Full of strands of elastin and collagen
b. carries oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide
c. stratified, sputum-secreting, and non-ciliated
d. mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified
e. All of the above

d. mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified

The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is a
a. Ion channel
b. nuclear junction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight junction
e. Gap junction

e. Gap junction

Epithelial membranes are typically composed of
a. epithelium and underlying connective tissue
b. Serous and mucous membranes
c. stratified and unstratified epithelium
d. connective tissue and underlying epithelium

a. epithelium and underlying connective tissue

About 90% of all cancers originate from
a. Muscle tissue
b. Epithelium
c. The brain
d. connective tissue
e. Nervous tissue

b. Epithelium

Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely
a. Smooth muscle
b. A nerve network
c. Cardiac muscle
d. Skeletal muscle
e. Epithelial muscle

c. Cardiac muscle

Mutations usually disrupt collagen's function because
a. there are many types of collagen and this protein is widespread in the body
b. collagen is very rare in the body.
c. Collagen has a very variable structure
d. Collagen has a very precise structure
e. collagen is used as a cosmetic

d. Collagen has a very precise structure

Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues?
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Muscle tissue
c. Connective tissue
d. Nervous tissue
e. Eye tissue

e. Eye tissue

A \______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.
a. Simple
b. Compound
c. Ovoid
d. Tubular
e. Alveolar

a. Simple

\_______ produce connective tissue fibers.
a. Cartilage cells
b. Fibroblasts
c. Osteoblasts
d. Mast cells
e. Macrophages

b. Fibroblasts

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is
a. Columnar
b. Pseudostratified.
c. Transitional
d. Cuboidal
e. Rectangular

c. Transitional

Involuntary muscles are
a. smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
b. Smooth and skeletal
c. Spiral and smooth
d. Smooth and cardiac
e. cardiac and skeletal

d. Smooth and cardiac

"Cutaneous membrane" refers to
a. Mucus
b. Blood
c. Cartilage
d. bones
e. Skin

e. Skin

Areolar tissue contains
a. collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance
b. Nipples and other breast tissues
c. osteocytes, osteoblasts, and canaliculi
d. many adipocytes filled with fat
e. Chronodrocytes and lacunae

a. collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance

Bone tissue contains abundant
a. Cholesterol
b. Collagen
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Fibronectin
e. laminin

b. Collagen

Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the
a. Stomach
b. Urinary bladder
c. Eye ball
d. Intestine
e. None of the above

e. None of the above

The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a
a. Velcro junction
b. nuclear junction
c. Tight junction
d. Desosome
e. Gap junction

c. Tight junction

Elastic connective tissue forms
a. Ligaments and tendons
b. complex three dimensional networks
c. Elbows and knees
d. Branching networks or parallel strands
e. Cartilage

d. Branching networks or parallel strands

Which of the following are cellular fragments?
a. White blood cells
b. Lymphocytes
c. Red blood cells
d. Blood plasma
e. Blood platelets

e. Blood platelets

The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. Complex columnar epithelium
d. simple cuboidal epithelium.
e. Simple columnar epithelium

a. Simple squamous epithelium

The type of intercellular junction that functions as a rivet or "spot weld" is a(n)
a. Ion channel
b. Desosome
c. Tight junction
d. nuclear junction
e. Gap junction

b. Desosome

Cells that reside in a specific connective tissue type for an extended period of time are called
a. Resident cells
b. Transitional cells
c. Fixed cells
d. wandering cells
e. Stem cells

c. Fixed cells

A \________ membrane is composed entirely of connective tissue.
a. Cutaneous
b. Serous
c. Cell
d. Synovial
e. Mucous

d. Synovial

Neurons can send messages to
a. other neurons and skeletal muscle only.
b. Only other neurons
c. Only neurons in sense organs
d. only other neurons and neuroglia
e. other neurons, glands, and muscles

e. other neurons, glands, and muscles

What is the function of neuroglia?
a. They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.
b. They sense changes in the environment and respond by sending nerve impulses.
c. They revive dead neurons.
d. They serve as glue and scaffolding for neurons but have no physiological role.
e. They guide neurons to muscles, then pass neurotransmitters to the muscle cells.

a. They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of
a. reticular connective tissue.
b. Dense regular connective tissue
c. Epithelial tissue
d. dense irregular tissue.
e. Muscle tissue

b. Dense regular connective tissue

An engineered tissue might include
a. Stem cells
b. extracellular matrix components
c. a scaffold built of synthetic materials
d. progenitor cells.
e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are
a. Cardiac only
b. Smooth only
c. Skeletal only
d. Smooth and skeletal
e. Cardiac and smooth

c. Skeletal only

A serous membrane consists of a
a. layer of pseudostratified epithelium and a thick layer of loose connective tissue
b. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
c. mucous membrane on top of an epithelial layer
d. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
e. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thick layer of dense connective tissue

d. layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue

There are \__ types of muscle cells.
a. 6
b. 5
c. 4
d. 2
e. 3

e. 3

The basis of using proteomics to describe tissues is that
a. Different cell types produce different sets of mRNAs.
b. Different cell types appear different when viewed under a microscope
c. The genetic code is universal
d. All cells produce the same amounts of the same proteins.
e. Different cell types produce different sets of tRNAs

a. Different cell types produce different sets of mRNAs.

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
a. Connects muscles to bones
b. consists of cells with much intercellular material
c. covers the outside of organs
d. Has no blood supply
e. has many adipocytes.

b. consists of cells with much intercellular material

The antihistamine Benadryl has a sedative effect, but the antihistamine Zyrtec does not, because
a. Benadryl is attached to a nanoparticle that transports it across the blood-brain barrier.
b. Benadryl is taken as a liquid and Zyrtec as a pill.
c. Benadryl crosses the blood-brain barrier but Zyrtec does not.
d. Zyrtec crosses the blood-brain barrier but Benadryl does not
e. None of the above

c. Benadryl crosses the blood-brain barrier but Zyrtec does not.

Cartilage heals slowly because
a. It isn't used often
b. the intercellular material is sesamoid.
c. chondrocytes cannot divide
d. chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies
e. cartilage cells are immersed in fluids

d. chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies

Muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is
a. Epithelial.
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac
d. intercalated.
e. Skeletal

e. Skeletal

A \_______ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part
a. Compound
b. Tubular
c. Ovoid
d. Simple
e. alveolar

a. Compound

A \________ membrane is composed entirely of connective tissue.
a. Cell
b. Synovial
c. Serous
d. Cutaneous
e. Mucous

b. Synovial

The differences among merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions are the
a. amount of glycoprotein secreted with the glandular product.
b. Number of cells that secrete
c. amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product
d. number of nuclei secreted with the glandular product.
e. locations of the glands that produce them.

c. amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product

Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue?
a. Some of its cells send electrochemical messages.
b. It has the most highly specialized body cells.
c. Its cells sense changes in their surroundings.
d. Its intercellular space is filled with collagen.
e. It is found in the brain and spinal cord.

d. Its intercellular space is filled with collagen.

A cofactor is \______ and examples are \_____.
an inorganic molecule that some enzymes require; vitamin B12 and B6
a molecule that destabilizes substrates; carbonic acid
a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc
an inorganic molecule that all enzymes require; cholesterol and calcium
one of two reactants; oxygen and water

a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc

Arsenic poisoning harms the body by
interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.
rotting the teeth.
forming more sulfur bonds in proteins.
all of the above.
unraveling the DNA double helix.

interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.

Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the
number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.
temperature of the reaction, number of H2O molecules, and bond strength.
temperature of the reaction, the time that the enzyme stays bonded to the substrate, and the shape of the substrate
size of the enzyme compared to the substrate, the number of active sites, and the ratio of enzyme to substrate molecules.
number of enzyme and substrate molecules formed and strength of the enzyme.

number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.

Aerobic respiration
requires oxygen.
requires carbon dioxide.
none of the above.
occurs in the nucleus.
transfers less energy to form ATP than anaerobic respiration.

requires oxygen.

DNA, RNA, and protein molecules can carry information because
they release energy when they are broken down.
they are located in the nucleus.
they consist of sequences of building blocks.
they are large.
they are organic.

they consist of sequences of building blocks.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in \_____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in \______.
mitochondria with O2 required; chloroplasts without O2 required
mitochondria; cytoplasm with O2 required
mitochondria without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
cytoplasm without O2 required; cytoplasm with CO2 required
cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required

Dehydration synthesis reactions \_____, whereas hydrolysis reactions \_____.
lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds
release energy; gain energy
break large molecules into smaller ones; build large molecules from smaller ones
lose H2O to break bonds; use H2O to form bonds
form H2O by joining H and O atoms; break H2O molecules apart

lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds

The metabolome includes
all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism.
all of the genes that make a person gain weight.
all of the enzymes that take part in aerobic respiration.
all of the genes that encode protein in the genome.
the DNA that does not encode protein in the genome.

all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism.

The enzyme catalase acts on the substrate
cesium.
hydrogen peroxide.
oxygen.
hydrogen.
peroxidase.

hydrogen peroxide.

A peptide bond forms between
adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.
a tRNA and an mRNA.
an mRNA and an rRNA.
two pepto bismol tablets.
a gene and a protein.

adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.

Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called
transcription.
translation.
synthesis.
replication.
Translocation.

transcription.

Catabolism refers to
chemical reactions that release energy.
the formation of genetic material.
build up of ADP into ATP.
breakdown of large molecules.
chemical reactions that acquire energy.

breakdown of large molecules.

Synthesis of a protein stops when
the ribosome becomes fatigued.
the cell runs out of ATP.
there is no more DNA.
any of three specific anticodons are encountered in the mRNA.
any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.

any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.

A chaperone protein
brings amino acids to the appropriate tRNAs.
brings a tRNA to the appropriate codon on mRNA.
attracts ATP.
helps a protein to fold.
escorts mRNA out of the nucleus.

helps a protein to fold.

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence
ile-gly-ala-pro-arg
arg-pro-ala-gly-ile
ala-gly-arg-pro-leu
leu-pro-arg-gly-ala
can't tell from given information

leu-pro-arg-gly-ala

The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the
chloroplast.
all of the above
cytoplasm.
mitochondria.
nucleus.

cytoplasm.

How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids?
4
46
23
3
61

61

In the DNA damage response
more than one codon encodes one type of amino acid.
all DNA replication temporarily ceases.
repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.
repair enzymes replace mismatched amino acids in protein.
repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in RNA.

repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?
They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.
They speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process.
They have active sites and interact with specific substrates.
None of the above.
Most are proteins.

They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.

Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?
Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.
When enzyme meets substrate, an explosion may occur.
The enzyme temporarily deactivates the substrate.
The substrate surrounds and completely contains the enzyme.
The enzyme surrounds and completely contains the substrate.

Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.

Which of the following is true?
The human genome was sequenced in the 1970s.
The genome consists of entirely protein-encoding genes.
DNA has five types of nucleotide bases.
An amino acid encodes a gene.
Much of the genome does not encode protein.

Much of the genome does not encode protein.

An active site of an enzyme is
a sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a protein molecule.
the third phosphate of an ATP molecule, which releases energy.
the part of a substrate that combines with an enzyme.
the part of an enzyme that combines with a product.
the part of an enzyme that binds ATP.

the part of an enzyme that combines with a product.

Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence ile-asp-ser-cys-his-tyr?
GTAGTGGCATGAATCAAT
TAGCTGTCAACAGTGATA
TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG
all of the answer choices are correct
TAACTGTCGACGGTGATG

all of the answer choices are correct

A sequence of DNA 333 nucleotides long that is part of a gene encodes \___ amino acids.
111
can't tell from given information
444
333
999

111

What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells?
They carry the information in DNA so that proteins can be synthesized.
They are an integral part of the cell membrane, important in transporting water molecules.
They form a genetic material.
They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.
They act as coenzymes so that fats can be synthesized.

They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in
acetyl CoA formation
the electron transport system.
glycolysis.
gluconeogenesis
the citric acid cycle.

glycolysis.

"Metabolism" refers to
the reactions in the body that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.
digestion of nutrients.
the reactions in the body that break down proteins and nucleic acids.
all of the chemical reactions in a cell.
breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy.

all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

MicroRNAs
are noncoding RNAs.
are 21 or 22 bases long.
are all of the above
control gene expression.
regulate transcription of several genes.

are all of the above

The name of an enzyme ends in
-ese.
-ase.
-ise.
-gen.
-ose.

-ase.

DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence
AGG
TAC
AUG
UUU
TTA

AUG

ATP is important to cellular processes because it
is a by-product of all catabolic reactions.
is formed by muscles contracting or whenever cellular work occurs.
releases oxygen when high-energy phosphate bonds are broken.
provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.
provides energy for cellular work when a phosphate group is added to it.

provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.

An example of an anabolic reaction is
glycogen breaking down into many monosaccharides.
glycogen molecules bonding to form glucose.
many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.
a dipeptide breaking down into two amino acids.
glycerol reacting with 3 fatty acid molecules to yield water and proteins.

many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.

Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration
uses enzymes to raise the activation energy.
requires a relatively large amount of energy to start the process.
doesn't use enzymes to lower the activation energy.
releases more energy as heat and light.
uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.

uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.

Anaerobic respiration
breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
occurs in the absence of oxygen.
releases energy
all of the answer choices are correct
transfers energy to ATP molecules

all of the answer choices are correct

DNA replication occurs
when a cell requires protein.
during interphase of the cell cycle.
during mitosis.
when a cell requires energy.
outside of the nucleus.

during interphase of the cell cycle.

Codons are part of
microRNAs.
mRNA.
rRNA.
proteins.
tRNA.

mRNA

In cellular respiration,
energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.
cells breathe, or take in, O2 and give off CO2.
mitochondria release glucose molecules.
cells produce energy from O2 and absorb heat.
energy is absorbed from glucose and is transferred to CO2.

energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.

Transcription and translation differ in that
transcription produces DNA and translation produces RNA.
transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.
transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
transcription produces protein and translation produces RNA.
transcription produces RNA and translation produces DNA.

transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule
water molecule is released.
the sweetness level increases.
water molecule is used.
dehydration synthesis occurs.
starch is consumer.

water molecule is used.

The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are:
substrate and product combine, forming an S-P complex. The reaction occurs, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled.
substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.
substrate, enzyme, and product combine, forming an S-E-P complex. The reaction occurs, enzymes are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.
two substrates combine, forming a third, which splits to yield two different products.
enzyme and product combine, forming an E-P complex. The reaction reverses, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled.

substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA?
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

Uracil

An enzyme is
a type of protein used to smoothen aged and wrinkled skin.
a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
a protein that promotes metabolic reactions by slowing reactions that are too fast.
usually a vitamin.
the genetic material.

a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Three types of genetic changes are
adenine, guanince, and cytosine
mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number.
replication, transcription, and translation.
A to C, G to C, and U to A.
none of the answer choices is correct

mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number.

In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,
larger molecules are decomposed into smaller ones.
amino acids are released.
water molecules bond to monosaccharide molecules.
monosaccharides join.
the molecule is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water.

monosaccharides join.