Bio final

sclera

tougher outer “white” of the eye

cornea

transparent connective tissue

iris

pigmented muscle tissue that controls amount of light entering the eye

pupil

hole in the center of the iris

lens

trhaprent disc that bends light ray to focus images

retina

contains neurons and photoreceptor cells

rods

sensitive to dim light (black and white vision)

cones

stimulated by different wavelengths (color vision)

photopigments

opsin (protein component) +retinal (Vit a derivitaive)

(sense light)

rods 3 aspects

single type of opsin: B&W only

sensitive to low light

in periphery of retina

cones 3 aspects

3 types of opsin: RBG color vision

incentive to low light

concerted in fovea

example of mechanoreceptor in invertebrates

statocyst

statocyst

organ that detects orientation of space

example of mechanoreceptor in vertebrates

hair cells

stererocilia extended from cell body

bending of stereocilia opens ion channels

hair cells

sensory receptors cells that transduce sound stimuli not an electrical signal

hair cells located

in the cochlea of the inner ear, on top of basilar membrane

mechanoreceptors contain

K+ channels at tops of stereocilia

depolarize in response to vibration caused by sounds

cochlea fluid surrounding hair cells has (higher or lower) K+ than inside of hair cells

higher

3 anatomical regions of ear

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

outer ear

collects stimulus

middle ear

amplifies stimulus

inner ear

transduce stimulus

as pressure eaves travel in cochlear fluid

basilar membrane vibrates

stereocilia are pushed into

tectorial membrane and bend

neurotransmitter release from hair cells

action potential in sensory neurons

lateral lines

detects wave vibrations and currents in water

neuromasts

collection of hair cells embedded in gelatinous substrate

taste and smell involve

chemoreceptors

some animals have addiction olfactory organs called

Jacobsons organ

Jacobsons organ

specialized to detect pheromones and food odors

parasympathetic nerve attributes

slow heartbeat, constricted airways, stimulate activity in stomach, and stimulate activity in intestines

sympathetic nerve attributes

increase heartbeat, relax airways, inhibit activity in stomach, and inhibit activity in intestines

somatic motor division

skeletal muscles are targets, is the neurotransmitter causes muscle fiber contractions and voluntary

thin filaments

contains the protein actin

thick filaments

contains the protein myosin

thick and thin filament overlap

giving a striated (striped) appearance

sliding-filament model

muscle filaments slide past each other longitudinally causing more overlap between thin and thick filaments

three types of skeletons

hydrostatic skeleton

muscles push gains fluid-filled cavity; annelids

exoskeleton

external; arthropods

endoskeleton

internal; (vertebrae)

osmoregulation

regulating solute concentration of body fluids in order to maintain water balance

animals gain water by

drinking water/eating most foods

absorbing it via osmosis (aquatic)

utilizing water produced by cellular respiration (metabolic water)

animals lose water by

urination and defication

evaporation (terrestrial)

osmosis (aquatic)

electrolytes also called

ions

electrolytes

condcut electrical currents

main solutes

required for proper never and muscle function

must have precise concentrations

hyperosmitic

the solution with the higher osmolarity

hypoosmotic

the solution with the lower osmolarity

ecf concentration=

icf concetration

osmotic stress

when the concentration of solutes in a cell or tissue is abnormal

osmoconformers

internal osmolarity matches environment (marine animals)

osmoregulatory

regulate osmolarity inside bodies to acheive osmotic balance/homeostasis (to ensure ECF=ICF)

most aquatic vertebrae and terrestrial animals

marine fish environment

hypertonic

marine fish 3 homeostatic mechanisms

drink seawater

transports electrolytes out of body through gills and kidneys

produce small amount of concentrated urine

fresh water fish environment

hypotonic

freshwater fish 3 homeostatic mechanisms

do not drink water

transports electrolytes into body through gills and kidneys

produce large amount of diluted urine

ECF

extracellular fluid; blood plasma, fluid outside of blood vessels

ICF

intercellular fluid; fluid inside of cells

goals of kidneys and osmoregulatory organ

maintain osmolarity in body fluids

maintain water balance

excrete nitrogen waste

osmoregulatory organ function

flitrate/pre urine formed

terrestrial animal mechanism of water loss

evaporation and loss of feces and urine

terrestrial animal mechanism of electrolyte loss

urine and sweat

osmoregulation in insects

water loss via tracheal system, waxy layer on exosketlon minimizes water loss, Malpighian tubules

kidney function

water nd electrolyte balance, excretion of nitrogenous waste

blood delivery

renla artery

blood return

renal vein

byproduct of kindey function

urine, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

3 major process carried out of nephron

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

filtration (nephron)

movement of materials from blood into nephron tubules (passive)

reabsorption (nephron)

movement of materials from nephron back into blood (active and passive)

secretion (nephron)

movement of materials form blood into nephron (active)

nephron

functional unit of kidney

nephron structure

glomerulus + bowmans (filtration), proximal tubule (reabsorption and secretion), loop of hence (reabsorption), distal tubule (reabsorption and secretion), collecting ducts (final reabsorption and transport urine)

Na+ reabsorption from distal tubule

controlled by RAAS

aldosterone

steroid hormone produced by adrenal gland

low Na+ levels in blood lead to

increase aldosterone release

increase aldosterone leads to

increase blood Na+

water absorption by collecting ducts is controlled by

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

ADH is release into blood by

posteirer pituitary

dehydration and other stimuli lead to

increase ADH release

Alcohol inhibits

ADH release

active transport of substances from… for elimination

blood into filtrate

Long loop of Henle

length of loop determines the maximum contraction of urine (long loop= more concentrated)

NH3

is toxic

animals that have access water use this as they main nitrogenous waste

does not take a lot of energy to excrete

Uric Acid

least toxic

do not need a lot of water to excrete

energetically costly

uric acid and feces excreted together in animals

immune system functions

prevention of entry of potential pathogens

detection of presence of pathogens

elimination of pathogens

pathogens

disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, fungus)

innate immunity

generic immunity against broad type of pathogens

involves cells that are ready to reposed at all times

adaptive immunity

immunity to a specific pathogen

involves cells that must be activated to mount a response against the specific pathogen

inmate immunity attributes

occurs in all animals

has both cell-mediated and secreted components

rapid response

generic response against pathogens

type of response does not vary

adaptive immunity attributes

occurs only in vertebrates

has both cell-mediated and secreted components

slow response

specific response against pathogen strains

response is more rapid and efficient when infections reoccur

innate immunity barriers to infection for invertebrates

exoskeleton, layer of mucus

innate immunity barriers to infection for vertebrates

skin/inegument, mucus lined respiratory passageways, lysozyme, acidic stomach pH

innate immune response

is the first response to pathogen

provide q quick genericc response directed against the pathogen

leukocytes involved in innate immunity

macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, waste cells, dendritic cells

phagocytosis

macrophages, neutrophils

natural killer cells

destroyed virus-infected cells

mast cells

secretes histamines

dendritic cells

engulfs pathogens and debris from photogenic released from cells

pathogens entering the mammalian body are subject to

phagocytosis