Zoo

animal

• are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that ingest and digest their food

• lack a cell wall

• capable of moving

• have hox genes

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

Linnaean Classification

Zoology

branch of Biology that deals with the study of animals – their anatomy, physiology, evolution, reproduction, interactions, including embryology and heredity among others.

Aristotle

• in his treatise “meteorology”

• He first divided all living things into plants and animals

• Father of Zoology

Albertus Magnus

emphasizes the notion that information about nature could and should be collected by observation

Roger Bacon & St. Thomas Aquinas

continued the call for a “natural” rather than “revealed” truth as emphasized by Albertus Magnus, and science began to develop independently from theology and superstition.

Hippocrates

• Established the first biomedical tradition;

• he was regarded as the “Father of Medicine”

Aristotle (2)

Considered as the founder of the science of zoology; often called the “Father of Zoology”

Galen

developed descriptions of anatomy and physiology

René Descartes

• Considered mathematics as the language of science;

• introduced the early concept of reflex actions

Thomas Bartholin

Discovered the lymphatic system

Jan Swammerdam

Described the red blood corpuscle (RBC)

Marcello Malpighi

Demonstrated capillary circulation

Robert Hooke

• Discovered cells;

• investigations were made with cork and the term “cell” fits cork much better than it does animal cells, but by tradition the misnomer has stayed

Gegnier de Graaf

Described the ovarian follicle

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• Considered as the “Father of Microscopy”; his microscopic discoveries revealed a whole new world of biology;

• discovered the protozoans

Jon Ray

• Introduced concepts about species;

• was the first to apply the concept of species

  to a particular kind of organism and point out the variation

  that exist among the members of species

Stephen Hales

• Pioneered the measurement of blood pressure;

• he was also a noted plant physiologist

Carolus Linnaeus

• Introduced the binomial system species classification;

• he provided taxonomists a valuable working model of conciseness and clarity that has never been surpassed

Joseph Priestley

Discovered oxygen as a gas released by plants during photosynthesis;

Joseph Priestley and Jan Ingenhousz

Discovered the concept of photosynthesis; both were plant physiologist

Georges Cuvier

Introduced the study and development of vertebrate paleontology

Jean-Baptiste-de Lamarck

Postulated the evolutionary concept of use and disuse

Karl Ernst von Baer

Discovered the mammalian ovum

Robert Brown

discovered small particles suspended in a liquid tend to move in random paths

Karl Ernst von Baer (2)

Formulated the Biogenetic Law

Richard Owen

Introduced the concepts of homology and analogy

Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold

Established the status of protozoa as single-celled organisms

George Newport

Described the fertilization of a frog’s ovum by a spermatozoon

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed the concept of omnis cellula e cellula (every cell from a cell) – existing cells come from pre-existing cells

Charles Darwin and Louis Pasteur

Introduced the concept of natural selection as a factor in evolution; refutation of spontaneous theory of generation

Alfred Russel Wallace

Postulated the Wallace line of faunal delimitation

Ernst Haeckel

• Introduced the concept of modern zoological classification

• Introduced the concept of nuclear control of

  inheritance

• Postulated the gastrea hypothesis of metazoan

  ancestry

Gregor Mendel

Formulated the first two laws of heredity

Eduard Strasburger

Described mitotic cell division

Henry Fairfield Osborn

Introduced concept of adaptive radiation in evolution

Hugo de Vries

Introduced the mutation theory of evolution

Thomas H. Montgomery

Described the homologous pairing of maternal and paternal chromosomes in zygote

Paul Langerhans

Discovered the islet cells in the pancreas

Theodor Boveri and Walter S. Sutton

Postulated a parallelism between chromosome behavior and Mendelian segregation

Thomas H. Morgan

Discovered sex linkage and definitively linked trait inheritance to a specific chromosome after a series of experiments with Drosophila

Paul Ehrlich

Advocated the use of chemotheraphy in treatment of diseases

Reginald Oliver Herzog and Willy Jancke

Developed x-ray diffractometry

John N. Langley

Introduced the concept of a functional automatic nervous system

James Fredric Danielli and Hugh Davson

Proposed the concept of the cell membrane as having a phospholipid bilayer surrounded by outer and inner layers of globular proteins

Hans Adolf Krebs

Demonstrated the existence of the citric acid cycle during aerobic respiration

Barbara McClintock

Studied certain mutations in corn where she developed the concept of mobile genetic components (jumping genes)

Erwin Chargaff

Discovered that the amount of purine bases are equal to the amount of pyrimidine bases; this paved the way to for the DNA model of Watson and Crick

Francis Crick and James D. Watson

Postulated that DNA molecules are made of two chains that are twisted to each other forming a helical structure, a theory that is widely accepted today

Hugh Esmor Huxley and Andrew Fielding Huxley

Introduced the concept of the “sliding filament theory” of muscle contraction, which became widely accepted

Peter Mitchell

Discovered the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis which states that the energy derived from the electron transport chain (ETS) is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating the electro-chemical gradient

Stanley Ben Prusiner

Discovered prions, the proteinaceous infectious particles that cause “mad cow disease” in cattle

Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicholson

Introduced the fluid mosaic model of the biological membranes; this is the most widely accepted model

John Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus

Discovered oncogenes, the genes that cause cancer

Ian Hilmut, Keith Campbell, et al.

Cloned the first domestic sheep (Dolly) from an adult somatic cell using the somatic nuclear transfer method

French and Chinese scientists

Created “Ralph” the world’s first cloned rat. Because rats proved to be harder to clone, “Ralph” came after many other animals that have been cloned

1. Sytematic Zoology

2. Morphology

3. Experimental Zoology

4. Molecular Biology

Subdivision of Zoology

Sytematic Zoology

1. Taxonomy

2. Ecology

3. Zoogeography

4. Animal Evolution

Taxonomy (2)

study of classification of animals

Ecology

study of the relationship of animals with their environment

Zoogeography

study of distribution of animals on earth

Animal Evolution

study how the existing kinds of animals came into being

Morphology

1. Anatomy

2. Comparative Anatomy

3. Histology

4. Cytology

5. Embryology

6. Paleontology

Anatomy

study of animal structure as revealed by gross dissection

Comparative Anatomy

study of various animal types from highest to the lowest forms with the aims of establishing homologies and the origin and modification of body structures of animals with their environment

Histology

study of tissues as revealed by the microscope

Cytology

study of minute parts and functions of cells

Embryology

study of the formation and early development of the organisms

Paleontology

study of past life as revealed by fossils

Experimental Zoology

1. Genetics

2. Experimental morphology

3. Embryology

Genetics

study of heredity

Experimental morphology

study of animal structure

Embryology

study of growth and development of the animal from fertilization up to birth or hatching

Molecular Biology

study of ultramicroscopic structure and function of living matter

Molecular Biology (2)

1. Biochemistry

2. Genetics

3. Chemistry of Macromolecules

Biochemistry

study of chemical make-up living tissues

Genetics

study of chemistry of genes

Chemistry of Macromolecules

study of the chemical make-up of large molecules that make-up living matter

Entomology

study of insects

Helminthology

study of worms with special reference to parasitic forms

Herpetology

study of reptiles

Ornithology

study of birds

Parasitology

study of parasitic organisms

Ichthyology

study of fishes

Mamalogy

study of mammals

1. Chemical Uniqueness

2. Cellular Composition

3. Response to Stimuli

4. Growth and development

5. Nutrition

6. Reproduction

7. Release of Energy

8. Excretion

9. Adaption

10. Homeostasis

Characteristics of Living Things

Chemical Uniqueness

the macromolecules that make up the living organisms are far more intricate and complex. These biomolecules differ in function, in the structure of their basic units and the kind of bonds b/w their subunits. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are monosaccharides isomers, which means they all have the same chemical formula but differ structurally and chemically.

Cellular Composition

all living things are made up of cells. Some are unicellular while others are multicellular.

Response to Stimuli

living organisms react to both internal (thirst or hunger) and external (hot surface) stimuli

Growth

• can increase in size

• - size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials

Development

changes in form and size; changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized – differentiation

Nutrition

organism feed by taking in and assimilating materials for growth and maintenance while others make their own food

Reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms; generation of new individuals; tissue repair

Release of Energy

enables organisms to perform necessary activities that will sustain life

Excretion

process by which organisms eliminates toxic wastes products

Adaptation

inherited changes occur over time and help the species survive

Homeostasis

maintenance of constant internal environment despite functions in the external or internal environment

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Protista

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

6 Kingdoms of Living Things

Kingdom (Archaebacteria)

single-celled prokaryotes originally thought to be bacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria (2)

Characteristics:

• Reproduce asexually – unicellular prokaryotes

• They cannot live where there is oxygen – some autotrophs; uses chemicals

• They are the oldest organisms on earth

• Existed before dinosaurs

• Live in extreme environments

  • Hot springs

  • Acidic environment

  • Methane