Fitness, Wellness, & Nutrition Exam 2

diabetes mellitus

blood glucose is unable to enter the cells because the pancreas stops producing insulin or the cells develop insulin resistance

Type I diabetes

type of diabetes where pancreas stops producing insulin

Type II diabetes

type of diabetes where cells develop insulin resistance

beta

Which cells from the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin?

alpha, beta, or delta?

transports glucose across the cell membrane

what role does insulin play in glycolysis?

Type I diabetes

beta cell destruction - complete lack of insulin and amylin; autoimmune disease → antibodies against beta cells

Type II diabetes

beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance; transport of insulin is issue → not responsive to insulin injections at first

3 main symptoms of diabetes

1. polydipsia (craving food)
2. polyuria
3. increased thirst

ketoacidosis

when glucose is not utilized and ketone bodies develop; can cause heart, kidney, and brain damage

prediabetes

how quickly glucose is metabolized is an indicator of what?

true

true or false: the earlier type 2 diabetes is diagnosed the easier it is managed

60-80%

what percentage of type 2 diabetes is related to overeating, obesity, and lack of physical activity?

No diabetes

Fasting Plasma BG < 100 mg/dL

A1C < 5.7%

Prediabetes

Fasting Plasma BG = 100 - 125 mg/dL

A1C = 5.7-6.4%

diabetes

Fasting Plasma BG > or = 126

A1C > or = 6.5%

15-30%

what percentage of people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 5 years?

health risks for baby when mother has gestational diabetes

* very high birth weight babies
* birth defects
* obesity and diabetes in child

health risks for mother with gestational diabetes

* increased long term risk of type 2 diabetes
* stroke and heart attack

false

true or false: larger amounts of high fat foods are recommended for diabetes prevention because high fat food can increase insulin sensitivity

20 years; 10 years

how many years is life expectancy reduced by in those with type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes?

Hypoglycemia

What is a common cause of death for those with diabetes that results from taking medication with no food

mediterranean style

best diet to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes

gangrene

cause of amputation in diabetics

high blood glucose can cause aggregation of platelets in blood vessels

why are diabetics at an increased risk for thrombosis (stroke)?

5%

What percentage of weight loss is recommended to achieve clinical benefits

7-10%

percentage of weight loss recommended to prevent type two diabetes in those with prediabetes

risks for diabetes

BMI above 30

increased waist circumference

decreased activity

true

true or false: there is an inverse association between yogurt intake and type 2 diabetes incidence

cardiovascular disease

what is the biggest cause of death in diabetes

120-200

how many minutes a week of exercise reduces the incidence of diabetes in people predisposed to diabetes

neuropathy

cause of lack of pain and sensation, leading to foot injuries/amputation

false; A1C, blood pressure, LDL

true or false: treating diabetes effectively means treating only blood sugars

protein in urine; albumin

How is kidney disease detected

false

true or false: stress has no effect on blood sugar levels

osteoporosis

systemic skeletal diseases characterized by low bone density with micro-architectural deterioration of bone and fragile bone

decrease in intervertebral space and disks dehydrated

Why do people with osteoporosis decrease in height?

53 million: 10 million, 43 million

How many Americans have low bone density? Osteoporosis? Low bone mass?

drop in estrogen after menopause causes lower bone mass density

Why is osteoporosis more common in women?

wrist, spine, hip

Where are fractures most likely to occur?

osteoblast

bone forming cell

osteoclast

bone resorption cells

osteoblast = low

osteoclast = high

In osteoporosis is osteoblastic activity low or high? Is osteoclastic activity low or high?

true

true or false: one half of women above 50 are at risk of bone fracture

false: one fourth

true or false: one third of white men above 50 are at risk for bone fracture

hip

the most serious fracture is that of the …

true

true or false: hip fractures are serious because they can result in fear of falling, depression, and deconditioning of the body

20%

What percentage of people with a hip fracture end up in a nursing home within a year?

0-35

what ages is prevention of osteoporosis most important?

x-ray, bone mineral density test

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

calcium, vitamin D, protein, potassium, vitamin K, magnesium

What dietary factors are important for improving bone health?

low fat calcium rich foods

red kidney beans, skim milk, yogurt

high calcium foods

cheese, leafy green vegetables, low fat milk, salmon, sardines, tofu, yogurt, cereal, raw broccoli, orange juice, baked beans

true

true or false: excessive fiber could interfere with calcium absorption

false; increase

true or false: excessive sodium and protein can decrease urinary calcium exceretion

true

true or false: phosphorus, which is found in carbonated soda, increases osteoclastic activity

false; more

true or false: we need less vitamin D as we age

food high in vitamin D

fish oil, herring, catfish, oysters raw, salmon, tuna

10-15

How many minutes of sunlight exposure is needed to activate vitamin D?

weight bearing and muscle strengthening (resistance) exercises

What two types of exercise can improve bone strength?

high

Are dancing, hiking, running examples of high or low impact exercises?

low

Are elliptical training and walking examples of high or low impact exercises?

true

true or false: the recommendations for strengthening exercises are 2-3 days per week; 1-3 sets of 8-12 exercises including all major muscle groups. Hard enough to cause fatigue by 8-10 reps

results of spine fracture from poor posture

* pain
* stooped posture
* loss of height
* difficulty breathing
* decreased self-esteem

Five prevention steps for osteoporosis

* recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D (400 IU)
* engage in regular weight bearing exercise
* avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
* talk to doctor about bone health
* bone density test and medication when appropriate

risk factors for osteoporosis

* increased stress in athletes
* history of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea
* post menopause

6-19 years old

What age is considered children and adolescents?

60 minutes

How many minutes of exercise a day is recommended for children?

* body composition
* cardiorespiratory fitness
* muscular fitness
* flexibility

What are the components of the fitness gram?

BMI, skinfold measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis

How is body composition measured in the fitness gram?

1 mile walk/run or progress aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER)

How is cardiorespiratory fitness measured in the fitness gram?

curl up test, trunk lift test, pull-ups, push up test

How is muscular fitness measured in the fitness gram?

Back Saver sit and reach and shoulder stretch

How is flexibility measured in the fitness gram?

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

What does FITT stand for?

Aerobic FITT recommendation for children and adolescents

F: daily; vigorous 3 d/wk

I: moderate daily

T: at least 60 min/d

T: tag, biking, sopping, jump rope, dancing, sports

Resistance FITT recommendation for children and adolescents

F: at least 3 days a week

I: Body weight resistance to moderate fatigue

T: part of 60 min/day

T: playing on playground equipment, push ups, sit ups

Bone Strengthening FITT recommendation for children and adolescents

F: at least 3 days a week

I: variable with emphasis on activities that produce moderate to high bone impact

T: part of 60 min a day

T: running, jump rope, hopscotch

typically over 65; over 50 if with significant conditions

What age is considered older adults

30 sec chair stand test, 30 sec arm curl test, 6 minute walk test, 2 minute step test, 8 ft up and go, modified sit and reach, back scratch test

What are some Senior Fitness tests?

Timed Up and Go (TUG)

10 ft, no cone, more data

8 ft up and go

8 ft, cone

Aerobic FITT recommendation for older adults

F: at least 5 days a week moderate; at least 3 days a week vigorous

I: moderate and vigorous

T: 30-60 min/d moderate; 20-30min/d vigorous

T: aquatic exercise, stationary cycle

Resistance FITT recommendation for older adults

F: at least 2 days a week

I: progressive weight training: light intensity beginners; progress to moderate-to-vigorous intensity

power training: light to moderate loading

T: progressive weight training: 8-10 exercises involving major muscle groups

power training: 6-10 reps with high velocity

T: progressive or power weight training programs or weight bearing calisthenics, stair climbing

Flexibility FITT recommendation for older adults

F: at least 2 days a week

I: stretch to point of feeling tightness

T: hold stretch for 30-60 sec

T: static stretches

Limbic system

What part of the brain is overactive in a person with an addiction?

marijuana

What is the highest used illicit drug

true

true or false: a drug can include over the counter medications, prescription medications, and illegal substances

Why do drug users develop a higher tolerance over time?

the drug integrates into the body’s chemistry

false; caffeine

true or false: alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug

400 mg per day

What is the safe daily limit of caffeine?

opioids, central nervous system depressants, stimulants

Whaat are the commonly abused prescription medications?

12-17

What age group is most likely to abuse inhalants?

THC

What is the active ingredient in marijauna?

confusion, memory loss, and tachycardia

what are the short term effects of marijuana?

amotivational syndrome and brain damage

What are the long term effects of marijuana?

false

true or false: CBD is FDA approved

true

true or false: THC mimic medications such as Cesamet help to treat nausea and stimulate appetite in cancer patients and AIDS patients

slow down

Does CBD slow down or speed up the breakdown of some medications in the body?

increase

Does cocaine increase or decrease dopamine levels?

decrease

Does methamphetamine increase or decrease dopamine levels?

seizures, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke

What are the side effects of Ecstasy?