adolescent development exam 2

adolescence is a time of…

social transition to being recognized as an adult

of rights, not responsibility

when asking high schoolers and adults (25yrs) who felt more like an adult, they responded

hs claimed to feel more like an adult than 25 yr olds

college (delay of “i am an adult”)

• own your own

  • buying adult things for the first time. even in 30s

the transition to adulthood in the US is what than traditional cultures

less clear, slower

what changes do adolescents experience in status

privileges and rights that are reserved for adults

increases expectations for

• self-management

• personal responsibility

• social participation

Example of social redefinition with dramatic ceremony in other cultures

little boys have been living with the women and then are initiated into “training to be a man” by starting to live with the men

learn the responsibilities of being a man

Formal initiation ceromonies for boy vs girl

boy

• timing of ceremony varies

girls

• timing linked to menarche (mating)

• physical appearance can change - cover hair for husband

How are adults clearly differentiated from children in other cultures?

• scarred on abdomen, ready for mating

• covering of hair for husband

What is the transition event for americans to adulthood?

People think different things: dont agree with milemarkers and not every adult achieve these

• 21 drinking

• tattoos

• married

• married w/ kids

• kids

• drivers lcense

• graduating high school

• getting a job

• 1st real home

lear adulthood transition in industrialized societies?

no clear ceremonies

subgroups in the us may events but do not represent the entire nation

Examples of transition ceremonies and changes over time of importance?

bar mitzvah: kid to man, now - get lots of presents

protestant: sign the bible

quinceanera: 15 yrs, look like bride, age of marriage, now- not used to marry

debutant ball: age of being “dateable”, makeup, dress up, bride/groom attire, now - only rich people do it

high school trips: not everyone goes, bus to DC (experience adult things) now - trip to cancun (something fun/flashy)

How is social transition into adulthood defined today for the US?

it is hard to know when an adolescent or other people when they have reached adult status

it is more about the individual process rather than the same for everyone

Social transition in previous eras?

it was more disorderly, variable and lengthy

compulsory education: boarding school, grade level education

Arnett (200) Have you reached adult hood? 12-17yr vs18-25yr olds

50%

60%

Adolescent views on reaching adulthood (Arnett 1998)

less emphasis on reaching specific roles

more emphasis on character traits, self reliance

• responsible, independent

example of being responsible and independent as an adolescent vs adult

adolescent: financially dependent on parents

adult: financially independent

Roisment et Al (2004) found what about emerging adult roles?

work competence and romantic relationships measured at 20

academic success, social competence, and conduct at age 20

what do adolescents consider to be less important in defining transition into adulthood?

family roles: marriage, and parenthood

causing marriage rate to go down bc it is not important for adulthood

Adolescent view define male and female transition into adulthood as?

not different from eachother to achieve adult status

not more gender defining jobs as previous years

what is continuous transitions?

gradual transitions

adolescent assumes roles and status of adulthood bit by bit

example of continuous transition?

traditional society: “internship” with men, little boy learn responsibilities as man

what is discontinuous transitions?

sudden transitions

abrupt entrance into adulthood, little or no training

example of discontinuous transition?

graduation: receive diploma, then what?

how to ease the transition into adulthood?

restructuring secondary education to have more responsiblitiy for kid

expand work and volunteer opportunities (work with adults not kids)

do more during the period between hs and collegejob

mentoring programs for “at-risk” adolescents that do not have a positive adult rolemodel

example of lack collective efficacy?

mothers get together for kids that suffer from violence.

doesnt change higher up legally

how do neighborhood conditions affect adolescent dev?

lack of collective efficacy

stress ab poverty affect interpersonal relationships

fewer chances to do activities that have pos. dev. for kid

fewer resources available during difficult times

Example about stress for poverty affecting interpersonal relationships?

no money for rent = not nice, relaxed parents

example of why adolescents have fewer chances in engaging in activities to facilitate positive development?

parents are more concerned about the kid safety in neighborhood and focuses on child obedience to stay inside

not going out for experiences

what percentage of 20-22 years olds live at home with their parents? 1985 vs 2002

45%

55%

what is the emotional relationship between teens and parents? what do teens report?

feel close to parents

respect parents judgement

feel loved by parents

respect parents as individuals

what do teens need to do to parents during adolescents?

push away from parents (normal)

need to have self management, prepare for the real-world

do parents feel like their teen love them, even though teens report they do?

they feel teens don’t talk like they use to and can translate to being difficult or unloving. teens now have strong opinions and it feels that they dont listen to parents judgement

is there a true generational gap that makes them not understand teens?

there is not a gap between teens and parents

wjhat do teens and adults have a similar belief about?

socio-economic status:

hard work

educational ambitions

occupational ambitions

is there a generation difference?

there is more diversity within teens own generation that older generations

what does socio-sconomic status influence?

values rather than age. makes parents relate with teens

example of how generation gap affects teens and adults?

difference in personal taste

• clothing

• body art

• music

• use of free time

how does personal taste change?

it is transitory: taste changes over time (clothes change over time)

however, values remain constant

what do teens and adults mostly argue about?

what parents see “right or wrong” vs what teens believe as personal choice

example of what is “right or wrong” vs personal choice? teen/parent

parents: clothes = morals

teens= clothes = personal choice/expression

what parental rules are teens more willing to accept from parents?

moral issues (values, safety, academics) than personal issues (cleanliness, clothing, hairstyle)

why do teens value personal choice?

they care about social status in school and what is popular. friends opinions matter to be accepted socially

why does conflict between teen and parent more of an issue in early adolescence?

bc teens see more issues as personal choice increases (bedtime, homework, etc)

this is cross culture

what changes in parents during their childs adolescents? their midlife concerns

increase concern about negative changes in bodies, physical attractiveness, and sexual appeal

possibilities are limited (job, location)

occupational plateau, closed potential (one career, limited jobs in the field)

what changes in teens during their adolescents? their life concerns

increase concern about positive changes in bodies, physical attractiveness, and sexual appeal

possibilities are limitless (job opportunities)

occupational plateau, open potential (choice of choosing)

how do teens and parents act during adolescence for each kid?

childs temperment and parents behavior/reaction = how they treat each child

if parent uses same parenting style all children..

teens that are different temperaments are affected differently

define parenting style

parent behaviors and attitudes that set emotional climate of parent-child interaction

diana baumrind (1973)

four main styles of parenting

two components of parenting styles

responsive (warmth) ; demandingness (control)

explain responsive parenting component

how did it make the child feel, supporting the child needs: say no - feel rerejection or understanding/respect

explain demandingness parenting component

dictate age appropriate behavior as child cognition changes

should know when it is acceptable for a child to be/act

authoritarian parenting (scale)

low responsive, high control

define authoritarian parenting

less focus on kid needs/perspectives

restrict kid autonomy (choices)

expect kid to comply to demands, not ask questions or give explanations

more likely to use physical punishment

example of authoritarian parent

dont talk openly to kid, do not see the kid change or who they are, “you do what i say this is my house,” abedient and kid is more likely to not understand rules, mostly stop physical punishment at puberty so there is no control in adol., teen has high chance of misbehavior

adolescents of authoritarian parenting

more dependent, passive

less intellectually curious

lower self confidence (parent made decisions)

less social competence (dk how to persuade ppl)

indulgent parenting (scale)

high responsiveness, low control

define indulgent parenting

focus on kid need and wishes

low in structure or predictability

do not require their kid to regulate themselves or behave age appropriately

believe control will hinder kid dev

example of indulgent parenting

kids do not have a routine/schedule to have structure, do not control when their kid should stop with predictablity (many chances before they are done), not the kids fault they are misbehaving in a restaurant but parent doesnt control, kids have free will, choice w/o consequence

adolescent of indulgent parenting

less mature, more impulsive, more irresponsible (cant control behavior, need someone else to have control)

more susceptible to peer pressure

less able to assume leadership roles (lack control)

indifferent parenting (scale)

low responsiveness, low control

define indifferent parenting

“parent centered”

disengaged, undemanding

provide little attention, interest or emotion supportive

do not set limits or monitor behavior

example of indifferent parenting

parents have other priorities: substance abuse, jobs, chores, evicted. kid gets no support or warmth, they can not monitor their kid behavior

adolescent of indifferent parenting

impulsive and disobedient (cannot control themselves)

problems with social and peer relationships (dk how)

problems w/ aggression, depression, drugs, risky sexual behavior, low academic + social competence

authoritative parenting (scale)

high responsiveness, high control

define authoritative parenting

age appropriate demands, but warm and respnsive

set clear limtis and encourage discussion

provide explanations for rules and consequences

allow child to develop autonomy (choices)

are attentive to child concern and needs

example of authoritative parenting

they talk an know their kid and their changes, they do not interact the same with all their kids bc kids have different temperaments, repeat rules for the child to understand, if the kid fails to follow rules kid will be disappointed in themselves

adolescent of authoritative parenting

responsible and independent

self confident and able to control behavior

socially skilled

academically successful

authoritative parenting in ethnic families

less common in ethnic families than white families

authoritarian parenting in ethnic families

more common among ethnic families than white families, even when social economic status is taken into account

benefits of authoritarian parenting in ethnic families

positive affect on ethnic fam bc they need more control over their kids for safety issues. ethnic “talk” ab police brutality bc they might die

varying parenting styles can have…

different results in different cultures

authoritarian style with african american parents

have children that are more academically competent and have less deviant behavior

behave to not get in trouble

authoritarian style with chinese parents

is the cultural norm, not associated w/ neg outcomes

respect elders etc

chinese vs US adolescent

us: complain about studying/homework

china: spend more hours/days studying, are better at school

immigrant children who associate with US kids

more likely to do poor school, spend less time studying

how do children influence parenting

attractiveness: parents are more affectionate, playful

behavior: disobedient, angry, challenging kids are harder to be authoritative

bidirectionality of interaction reinforces the forever conflict of teen vs parents, lead to neg interaction

define bidirectionality

parent influences the kid, kid influences the parent

percentage of teens that live with both parents where father is the “breadwinner”

15%

why did the divorce rate rise btw 1960-1980?

birth control

quality of relationships with important adults are…

more important than the number of parents in the home

why is quality of important relationships with adult more important than the number of parents at home?

if the parents at home are at conflict/argue, it sets the standard for the kid, they internalize it

the process of going through a divorce…

matter most. not the family structure of the home

what do parents model for cchildren?

behavior, self image, violence, self confidence

“relationships should look like this for me”

concerns for adolescents during divorce

exposure to marital conflict

disorganized and/or disruptive parenting (change in parenting)

increase in household stress

• less income

• more tasks/chores(single parent duty)

why are there differences btw teens with dovorce parents and teens with married parents?

due to genetics, family or origin (model of conflict)

what are the difference btw teens with divorce parents and teens with married parents?

aggression (testostrone)

depression (“compliant abused mother”)

anti social behavior (jail for parent, no juvenile deliquency)