NURS 106 Quiz 1

Anatomy

The study of the internal and external structures within the body

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Supine position

lying on back, facing upward

Prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)

S: Toward the head; relatively higher in position

I: Away from the head; relatively lower in position

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Area encompassing the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, small and large intestines

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Encompasses the urinary bladder

Umbilical region

The centermost region, surrounding the navel (umbilicus)

Transverse plane

Horizontal division of the body into superior and inferior portions

Transmembrane proteins

Integral proteins that are within the membrane.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Assisted Membrane Transport

Membrane proteins facilitate movement of particles not able to penetrate plasma membrane

Connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue (adipose) and dense connective tissue (tendons)

Synovial membrane

Lines joint cavities and produces synovial fluid (joint space lubricant)

Smooth muscle

Surround hollow organs and passageways to exterior. Non-striated involuntary muscle. Control/regulate passageway diameter

Melanocytes

Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin. Bigger the melanosomes (produced by melanocyte), the more melanin it can carry to superficial skin layers = darker the skin

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct. Sweat and sebaceous glands. Aids in temperature regulation and waste secretion

Sutural bones

Small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull

Osteogenesis (ossification)

Bone tissue formation. Osteogenic cell to osteocyte

Spongy bone

Multidirectional stress. Found in center of long bones. Avascular

interstitial growth

Growth in length. During puberty

Nutritional bone factors

Calcium (bone remodelling and repair)

Phosphorous (bone remodelling and repair)

Vitamin D (for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract)

Vitamin C (Stimulates osteoblast differentiation)

Medial vs. Lateral

toward midline vs away from midline/towards edge of body

Proximal vs distal

P: toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts

D: away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Encompassing the liver and spleen

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Encompassing small and large intestines and the appendix

Abominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity

Right hypochondriac region

Right upper region below the ribs.

Epigastric region

Located superior to the umbilical region (epi=above; gastric=stomach)

Left hypochondriac region

Left upper region below the ribs

Right lumbar region

right middle region near the waist

Left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist

Right inguinal region

right lower region by the groin

Hypogastric region

Inferior to the umbilical region, pubic area

Left inguinal region

left lower region by the groin

Coronal plane

Divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

Sagittal plane

Divides body into left and right. Midsagittal (in the middle) parasagittal (off centre)

Body cavities

Closed, fluid-filled spaces within the body that help protect, and permit internal organ changes.

Serosa

Serous membrane, lines body cavities

Ventral body cavity

Anterior of the human body contains all the structures within the chest (thoracic) cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Contains the heart (pericardial cavity), lungs (L&R pleural cavity), esophagus, and trachea (Mediastinum cavity)

Homeostasis

The ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions.

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Autoregulation

Causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments

Negative feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.

Positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Reactive atoms

atoms that react with other atoms when its valence shell is unstable or only partially full with electrons

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Compound

Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

Chemical bond

Interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules. Give up, accept or share atoms for a full valence shell

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged atom in another molecule

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water hating

Acidosis

Excessive acidity of body fluids, pH below 7.35

Alkalosis

The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids, pH above 7.45

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy to the body

Lipids

Important role in energy storage, communication, insulation and protection. Non-soluble

Proteins

Made up of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Hemoglobin, collage, keratin, antibodies and enzymes

Nucleic acids

Made up of nucleotides. Responsible for genetic information. DNA -> RNA transcription, RNA -> protein translation

Anaerobic ATP generation

Does not require oxygen, yields 2 ATP. Glycolysis

Enzymes

Proteins required for cellular metabolism. Catalyze reactions in the body. Basic characteristics are specificity, saturation limits and regulation

Aerobic ATP generation

Requires oxygen, yields 38 ATP. Kreb's cycle

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells. For isolation, regulation of environmental exchange, sensitivity to environment and structural support

Peripheral proteins

Bound to the surface of the membrane.

Membrane carbohydrates

Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids:

-extend outside cell membrane

-Form sticky "sugar coat" (Glycocalyx)

Glycocalyx

The "sugar coat" external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication, immune response, lubrication, protection and specificity binding

Passive membrane transport

no cellular energy (ATP) required; substance moves down its concentration or pressure gradient. Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Filtration

Transport of water and molecules through the plasma membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water flows towards solution with higher concentration of solute (low concentration of water)

Aquaporins

A transport protein in the plasma membrane that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Tonicity

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.

Hypertonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes. More solute surrounds the cell and the water moves out of the cell which causes it to crenate (shrivel)

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution. No osmotic flow occurs

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes. Water flows into the cell with less amount of water which causes the cell to rupture (lyses)

Active membrane transport

energy (ATP) required; substance moves up or against its concentration or pressure gradient; utilizes pumps and vesicular transport

Carrier-Mediated transport

The type of transport in which proteins bind to ions or substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane

Vesicular transport

Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes through vesicles at the plasma membrane. Endo - in Exo - out

Tissue

a group of specialized cells that perform a specific function. Histology

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body, lines organs, passageways, cavities and forms glands. An avascular tissue

Classify Epithelial tissue

Shape of cell and cell layers

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion. MOST DELICATE

Location: Where absorption or diffusion take place, reduces friction on slippery surfaces. Pericardial cavity

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack

Location: Where mechanical stresses are severe. Throat, anus, vagina

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and glands

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection

Location: Lining of some ducts

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

Location: digestive tract, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys, uterine tubes

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Function: Protection, secretion, movement of mucus

Location: Linings of respiratory passages

stratified columnar epithelium

Function: protection and secretion

Location: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, some glands

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily without damage

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Intercellular connections

Tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes. Epithelial cells are firmly attached to each other

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development

Gap junctions

Movement of ions helps coordinate functions. Two cells are held together by two embedded interlocking transmembrane proteins

Tight junctions

Membranes of neighbouring cells are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. Prevents leakage of water and solutes from passing between the cells

Desosomes

Prevents cells from separating during contraction, twisting, bending etc.

connective tissue

Provides support for your body and connects all its parts. Highly vascular