PHYSIOLOGY - Muscle Physiology

By Dr. Rosario Bonagua

Muscular System

This system is responsible for moving the framework of the body and muscle tissue performs various other functions

Contraction

This is when muscle change their shape by shortening along one or more planes

Muscular System

This system functions to move the skeletal muscle

Muscular System

This functions to help move the food that passes through the digestive system

Muscular System

This system functions to help with dilation and constriction of blood vessels

Muscular System

This helps with the movement of the air in and out of the lungs

Muscular System

This helps with the movement of urine in the bladder

Muscular System

This functions to help to pump the blood all through out your body

Muscle Tissue

This is composed of contractile cells

Muscle Tissue

These has contractile cells that can change its shape

Muscle Tissue

This consists over half of a human’s body mass

Muscle Tissue

90% of this is involved in the skeletal movement

Contractile cells

these cells have high energy needs so they need a lot of blood supply

Glucose, Oxygen, and Electrolytes

These three are the 3 things that the blood supplies the muscle with

Blood

Removes the large metabolic wastes in muscle tissue

Calcium

The muscle tissue consumes a lot of this mineral

Body Mass index

This is the indirect measure of the body density

Muscle tissue

This functions to have movement as a whole or its parts

muscle tissue

This produces heat for the body

Muscle tissue

This functions to maintain posture in the body

Contractility

a property of muscle that has the ability to SHORTEN with force

Excitability

a property of the muscle that is able to RESPOND to stimulus

Extensibility

a property of muscle that can be STRETCHED to its normal resting length and BEYOND to a limited degree

elasticity

The property of muscle that is able to recoil to its original resting state after being stretched

Skeletal Muscle

This muscle tissue type is attached to the bones

Smooth Muscle

This type of muscle tissue has walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, and skin

Cardiac Muscle

This muscle tissue type makes up the heart, branching cells, and medium speed contractions

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

These are cylindrical in shape and has voluntary control

Skeletal muscle tissue

This are muscles tissues that have striae but has no special structures

Skeletal muscle tissue

These muscle tissue are multinucleated AND ALSO peripheral

Cardiac muscle tissue

these types of muscle tissue are cylindrical and branched but has involuntary control

Cardiac muscle tissue

These types of muscle tissue have intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle tissue

These muscle tissue have a nucleus that is uninucleate and central and also has striae

Smooth muscle tissue

These muscle tissue Has a fusiform cell shape and has involuntary control

Smooth muscle tissue

These muscle tissue has no striae but has one nucleus and is centrally located

Smooth muscle tissue

These muscle tissue may be single-unit or multi unit

flexion and extension

two movements of SIMPLE voluntary movements of skeletal muscle, these requires multiple muscle to create these

circumduction

the complex voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

origin and insertion

the result of the stabilizing movements and joints

abdominal viscera

one example of the underlying structures of the skeletal muscle that provides protection

muscles

stronger _____ equates to greater protection and joint stability of the body

shivering thermogenesis

this is an asynchronous and involuntary response that receives cold signals from skin and spinal cord

shivering thermogenesis

this is the response of the skeletal muscle that is initiated by the hypothalamic nuclei in the primary motor center of shivering (posterior nuclei)

96.8 to 99.5

in what temperature does the shivering thermogenesis of skeletal muscles occur

preoptic nuclei

the shivering thermogenesis is usually inhited by the heat center on the hypothalamus, this area is called what?

static reflex

This is a type of stretch reflex that is usually long term and is sustained by contractile events

Phasic reflex

This is a type of stretch reflex that is dynamic and short term corrective responses

Gamma neurons

the maintenance of posture is usually regulated by what motor neuron?

muscle fibers

muscle fascicles are made up of what type of cells

sarcolemma, t-tubules, sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei

muscle fibers contain these components

sarcoplasmic reticulum

this is functionally linked to t-tubules

troponin, actin, trypomyosin, myosinm, titin, nebulin

myofibrils are made up of these components

sarcomere

thin and thick filaments are organized into what

troponin, actin, tropomyosin

these makes up the thin filaments

myosin, titin, nebulin

these makes up the thick filaments

muscle fibers

this is one of the structure of skeletal muscle that makes up the and develop from myoblasts and the number remains constant

Body Mass index

This is the indirect measure of the body density

connective tissue

what consists these:

• External lamina

• Endomysium

• Perimysium

• Fasciculus

• Epimysium

myoblasts

muscle fibers develop through the fusion of mesodermal cells called _______

satellite cells

after myoblasts _________ form

fibers

Muscle cells are also called ______ because of their threadlike shape

sarcolemma

these are plasma membrane of the muscle fibers

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

these are network of tubules and sacs that are found within the muscle fibers

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

These membrane continually pumps Ca ions from the sarcoplasm and stores ions within its sacs. What are these membranes called

myofibrils

are numerous fine fibers pack close together in the sarcoplasm

Sarcomere

these are segment of myofibril between two successive Z lines

sarcomere

this is the contractile unit of muscle fibers. What is this functional unit called?

Striated muscle dark stripes

light H zone that runs across the midsection of each dark A band

A bands

another name for striated muscle dark stripes

Light stripes

the dark Z line that extends across the center of each light I band

T tubules

invagination along sarcolemma

t tubules

these are the transverse tubules that extend across the sarcoplasm at right angles to along axis of the muscle fiber

t tubules

these are formed by inward extensions of sarcolemma

Ca++

T tubules membrane has ion pumps that continually transport _____ ions inward from sarcoplasm. What mineral does theses ion pumps transport?

t tubules

these allows electrical impulses to travel along the sarcolemma to move deeper into the cell

Triad

whole structure of the muscle formed by the T tubule and two portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

triad

a t tubule that is sandwiched between two sac of sarcoplasmic reticulum

triad

this allows electrical response travelling along t tubule to stimulate membranes of adjacent sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum

myofilaments

these are thin filaments that attaches to both Z lines of a sarcomere and extend pathway toward the center.

thousands

the estimate number of thick and thin microfilaments of each microfibril

thick myosin

this type of myosin does not attaches itself to Z lines

myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin

these are the four different kinds of protein molecules that makes up the myofilaments

myosin

protein molecule that makes up all the thick filaments

myosin heads

these heads of the protein molecule are are chemically attracted to actin filaments and are known as cross bridges when attracted to actin.

actin

a globular protein molecule that forms two fibrous strands that twists around each other to form bulk of thin filament

tropomyosin

this protein blocks the active sites on actin molecules

troponin

this protein holds tropomyosin molecules in place

myosin head

the first step of cross bridge formation: a high energy configuration that attaches to the actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge

first step

cross bridge formation: what sequence the myosin head attaches to the actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge

second step

cross bridge formation: in what sequence does the inorganic phosphate generated in the previous contraction cycle is released, initiating the power working stroke. the myosin head pivots and bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line. Then ADP is released.

third step

cross bridge formation: when does the new ATP attaches to the myosin head, the link between the myosin head and actin weakens and the cross bridge detaches

fourth step

cross bridge formation: in what sequence does the ATP split into ADP and P the myosin head is energized (cocked into the high energy formation)

neuromuscular junction

when motor neurons connect to sarcolemma at motor endplate. This is called?

abdominal viscera

one example of the underlying structures of the skeletal muscle that provides protection

muscles

stronger _____ equates to greater protection and joint stability of the body

troponin, actin, tropomyosin

these makes up the thin filaments

myosin, titin, nebulin

these makes up the thick filaments