hormones

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TRH

hypothalamus

TRH is produced and released by:

cells of anterior pituitary that produce TSH

target cells of TSH:

stimulates cells of anterior pituitary to make and release TSH

actions of TRH:

low blood thyroid hormone, cold, pregnancy, high sympathetic inputs

stimuli for release of TRH:

negative feedback by thyroid hormone:

TRH ois inhibited by:

Thyroid hormone

TH

thyroid gland

TH is produced and released by:

all cells of the body

target cells of TH

baseline metabolic rate, increases heart rate and body temp, increase activity of Na/K pumps, increase mitochondria number and activity

actions of TH

TSH

stimuli for release of TH:

typical negative feedback

TH is inhibited by:

thyroid-stimulating hormone

TSH

cells of the anterior pituitary

TSH is produced and released by:

cell of thyroid gland

target cells of TSH:

stimulates thyroid gland to make and release TH

actions of TSH:

TRH from hypothalamus

stimuli for release of TSH:

negative feedback by thyroid hormone on both anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

TSH is inhibited by:

growth hormone releasing hormone

GHRH

hypothalamus

GHRH is produced and released by:

cells of the anterior pituitary that make GH

target cells of GHSH:

stimulates cells of anterior pituitary to make and release GH

actions of GHSH:

pulsatile pattern, with increases associated with sleep, exercise, or protein starvation

stimuli for release of GHRH:

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

GHIH

hypothalamus

GHIH is produced and released by:

cells of anterior pituitary that make GH

target cells of GHIH:

inhibits cells of anterior pituitary from making and releasing GH

actions of GHIH:

GH, IGFs

stimuli for release of GHIH:

stimuli that trigger GHRH

GHIH is inhibited by:

growth hormone

GH

cells of anterior pituitary

GH is produced and released by:

all the cells of the body (particularly musculoskeletal system)

target cells of GH:

stimulates cells to uptake proteins for growth, promotes cells to utilize fatty acids, stimulates liver to make IGFs

actions of GH:

GHIH

GH is inhibited by:

insulin like growth factors

IGFs

liver

target cells of IGFs:

all cells of body

target cells of IGFs:

stimulates cells to uptake proteins for growth, promotes cells to utilize fatty acids for energy

actions of IGFs:

GH

stimuli for release of IGFs:

typical negative feedback mechanism that limits GH

IGFs are inhibited by:

pancreas (beta-cells)

insulin is produced and released by:

all cells of the body (except neural)

target cells of insulin:

stimulates cells to uptake glucose, stimulate liver cells to make glycogen, stimulates glucose conversion to fat, amino acid uptake and protein formation

actions of insulin:

high blood sugar

stimuli for release of insulin:

thyroid gland

calcitonin is produced and released by:

bone, GI tract, kidney

target cells of calcitonin:

stimulates osteoblasts to build bone, inhibits absorption of Ca into GI tract, promotes Ca loss in urine

actions of calcitonin:

high blood Ca

stimuli for release of calcitonin:

typical negative feedback

calcitonin is inhibited by:

pancreas (alpha-cells)

glucagon is produced and released by:

muscle, liver, fat

glucagon target cells:

glycogen breakdown in muscle, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver, fat lysis

actions of glucagon:

low blood sugar, high sympathetic inputs, high blood amino acids

stimuli for glucagon release:

typical negative feedback

glucagon is inhibited by:

parathyroid hormone

PTH

parathyroid glands

PTH is produced and released by:

bone, GI tract, kidney

target cells of PTH

stimulates osteoclasts to destroy bone, stimulates absorption of Ca into GI tract, inhibit Ca loss in urine

actions of PTH:

low blood Ca

stimuli for PTH release:

typical negative feedback

PTH inhibited by:

corticotropin releasing factor

CRH

hypothalamus

CRH is produced and released by:

cells of anterior pituitary that make ACTH

target cells of CRH:

stimulates anterior pituitary to make and release ACTH

actions of CRH:

daily biorhythms, mental or physical stressors

stimuli for release of CRH:

negative feedback by corticosteroids on hypothalamus

CRH is inhibited by:

ic hormoneadrenocortro

ACTH

anterior pituitary

ACTH is produced and released by:

cells of the adrenal cortex

target cells of ACTH:

stimulates adrenal cortex to make and release corticosteroids

actions of ACTH:

CRH from hypothalamus

stimuli for release of ACTH:

decreased CRH, negative feedback by corticosteroids

ACTH is inhibited by:

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenaline

adrenal medulla

adrenaline is produced and released by:

all cells of the body

target cells of adrenaline:

sympathetic effects on body cells

actions of adrenaline:

neurogenic stimuli that provoke sympathetic effects

stimuli for release of adrenaline:

parasympathetic activities

adrenaline is inhibited by:

hypothalamus

oxytocin is produced by:

posterior pituitary

oxytocin is released by:

uterine muscle, myoepithelial cells of mammary ducts

target cells of oxytocin:

contraction of uterine muscles, milk ejection from mammary glands

actions of oxytocin:

uterus stretching, nipple stimulation

stimuli for release of oxytocin:

glucocorticoids

cortisol, corticosterone

adrenal cortex

glucocorticoids are produced and released by:

liver, all cells of body

glucocorticoids target cells:

gluconeogenesis in liver, protein destruction, immune suppression, some fat lysis

actions of glucocorticoids:

ACTH

stimuli for release of glucocorticoids:

typical negative feedback

glucocorticoids are inhibited by:

anti-diuretic hormone

ADH

hypothalamus

ADH is produced by:

posterior pituitary

ADH is released by:

blood vessels, kidney nephrons

target cells of ADH:

blood vessel constriction, kidney retention of water

actions of ADH:

high blood salt, low blood pressure

stimuli for release of ADH:

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GnRH

hypothalamus

GnRH is produced and released by:

cells of the anterior pituitary that produce FSH and LH

target cells og GnRH:

stimulates cells of the anterior pituitary to make and release FSH and LH

actions of GnRH

puberty, low sex hormones

stimuli for release of GnRH: