Anatomy 1 Exam 1

what is anatomy

structure/form ie. info from a picture

what is physiology

function ie. info from a video

what is anatomical position

Body upright, facing forward, arms by your side, legs straight, palms facing up, feet flat on the ground, eyes open

what is supination

palms forward

what is pronation

palms back

what are the three body planes

frontal/coronal, sagittal, transverse

why are body planes important

medical imaging

what is the frontal/coronal plane

divides body in anterior and posterior portion

what is sagittal plane

divides body in left and right portions

what is a midsagittal plane

divides body down the middle

what is the transverse plane

divides body in superior and inferior portions

what is a body cavity

space surrounded by walls

what are the posterior cavities

cranial and spinal

what are the anterior cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

diaphragm

what is in the thoracic cavity

heart and lungs

what is in the abdominal cavity

digestive viscera

what is in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

what are the quadrants of the abdomen

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant

what are the two regions of the abdomen

epigastric region and suprapubic region

where is epigastric region

between upper quadrants of abdomen

where is suprapubic region

between lower quadrants of abdomen

what is frontal region

forehead

what is orbital region

eyes

what is nasal region

nose

cervical region

neck

sternal region

middle chest

axillary region

armpits

mammary region

boobs

abdominal region

stomach

pelvic region

lower stomach

inguinal region

groin

pubic region

genital region

acromial region

shoulder

brachial region

arm

antecubital

inner elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

manus

hand

palmar

palm

femoral

thigh

patellar

knee

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toe

olecranal

elbow

popliteal

behind the knee

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

cephalic

head

vertebral

spine

lumbar

lower back

gluteal

butt

what is homeostasis

maintaining standard internal conditions and outside changes

what is setpoint

normal level of things, can be a range, known as a dynamic equilibrium

what is negative feed back

moving toward normal level
decreasing distance from current to normal level

what is positive feedback

moving away from normal
adding distance from current to normal level

what are the 7 steps to bring things back to normal

stimulus, receptor(sensor), input, control center (integration center), output, effector, response

what is stimulus

change to environment

what is receptor (sensor)

detects change to environment

what is input

info about change traveling from sensor to control center

what is control center

where setpoint is located, compares input to setpoint, creates a plan to bring back to normal

what is output

the form at which the plan is sent out

what is effector

the part of the body that carries out the plan

response

result of carrying out the plan

what is important about positive feedback

response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus because it is the same as original stimulus and is only able to occur for short periods of time

what is the flow of gradients

Substances flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration

where is setpoint stored

control center

what is different about coronal and frontal regions

coronal is specifically about the head

what is tissue

collection of specialized cells design to perform a collective function

what are four main types of tissues

epithelia, connective, muscle, neural

what are two parts of epithelial tissues

epithelia and glands

what is epithelia?

layers that cover surfaces or open spaces

what are glands?

sends out a chemical

what are functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensory functions

what is secretion

sending something out of a cell

what is excretion

send something out of the body

what is absorption

bring something into the body

what is filtration

removing solid particles

what are characteristics of epithelia tissue

cells bound closely together, polarity, basement membrane, avascular, innervated, high turnover rate

what are types of lateral cell connections

tight junctions, desmosomes

what are tight junctions

nothing passes, found where nothing can enter/pass

what are desmosomes

achors cells together, space between cells allows more absorption/ excretion

what are the two sides of epithelia tissue

apical and basal

what is apical layer

narrowest part

what is basal layer

widest part

what is basement membrane (basal lamina)

bottom layer separating epithelium from connective tissue
alot of immune cells to stop pathogens from getting into the body

how can epithelial be classified

number of layers and shape

what is simple epithelial

one layer

what is stratified epithelia

more than one layer

what is squamous

wider than it is tall

what is cubodial

as wide as it is tall

what is columnar

taller than is wide

describe simple squamous

functions: diffusion and filtration
location: kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

describe simple cubodial

Functions: secretion and absorption
Locations: kidney, ducts, glands, ovary surface

describe simple columnar

Function: absorption
Ciliated Location: bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
Nonciliated locations: digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts

describe pseudostratified

Look like they are multiple layers but each cell is connected to basal membrane
Location: male reproductive tract, trachea

what are types of stratified epithelium

stratified squamous , stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional

describe transitional

Apical surface curved
Allows for elasticity
Location: bladder

what are the functions of stratified epithelium

functions