Leisure Service Exam

describe the clientele of leisure for ancient Egypt

every social classes

\
women and men

\
rich (things done for pleasure)

\
poor (for necessity/survival)

what were some of the activities found in ancient egypt

sports: wrestling/hunting/gymnastic/dance/swim

\
lifting/swinging weights

\
music/drama/dance

\
playing instruments/board games

\
storytelling

where did ancient greek hold their leisure activities

olympic arena

what were some of ancient greece’s leisure and recreation activity

festivals (feasting)

\
wrestling/boxing/javelin throwing (survival origins)

\
education/philosophy

who were the ones participating in leisure in greece

high up soldiers and nobles (done by class)

\
slaves used for enjoyment

\
only males in olympic

\
some coeds in certain activities

in ancient rome, who were able to participate in leisure activity

all citizens (poor/rich) (slaves were exceptions)

\
kids

\
classes were separated (all could participate)

where would leisure activities be held in ancient rome

colosseum

\
campus

what were some of the leisure activities found in ancient rome

olympic events

\
theater

\
sports (horses, swimming, blood sports)

\
archery

In china, who could participate in leisure activities

all classes involved

where would leisure events happen in china

at the capital

what were some of the activities that people do in china

wrestling/cock fighting

\
juggling/acrobats

\
chinese instrument

\
fireworks and firearms (gun powder development)

who was involved in early xn leisure

coed

What were some of the thing early xns did for leisure

sailing/swimming/water related sprots

\
hawking

\
board games

In the middle ages, what were some of the leisure activities that people did to entertain themselves

songs

\
stories

\
music

who were able to participate in the activities in the middle ages

nobles/knights/religious people/peasants

In the renaissance, who was able to participate in leisure activity

all participated

\
middle and upper classes

what were some of the activities in the renaissance people did

jousting/archery/hunting/tennis/etc

\
gambling and card games

\
arts/music/theater/science/education

\
university movement

Colonial americans did these things for leisure and recreation

foot races/dancing

\
shuffle board

\
wood chopping

\
animal activity/gambling

\[ \] is when NY became the first city to set aside land strictly for a park. This park is \[ \]

1853; Central Park

\[ \] is when \[ \] began in boston

1851; YMCA

\[ \], California established \[ \] as the first state park

1864; yosemite valley

\[ \] was when \[ \] became the first national park

1872; yellowstone park

describe the egypt garden (location and what is one thing they had)

along tigris (euphrates)

\
water supply

persia gardens were done for

aesthetic and non productive characteristic

What did persian gardens contain and how were the gardens laid out

flowers, music, shade, water

\
laid out in quadrants

babylon gardens is considered \[ \] because of their \[ \]

one of the seven wonders of the world; hanging gardens

What was the boston common

open area used by militiamen (for drills) and for children to play in

what is harvard and yale known for

first colleges with outdoor gym

salem latin school opened __________________

out door gym with equipment

frederick william gunn was one of the first to do what in terms of outdoor recreation at the front end of the civil war

take students on a 2 week camp out

\
first organized camping

what other two things of early agency development were mentioned in class

first boy’s club and YWCA

Timmy has been able to play a lot when he was a child. Because of this, he is a happy and productive adult. When reflecting back on his childhood days, Not only does he attribute play to having enhanced his learning, but also to his self awareness and confidence. He thanks play because he says it is an ______________________________________

organic way of learning

In this civilization, they saw play as a valuable thing for children. It is an integral element of education. Many of the children are noted to have many positive character development in their life, and have been able to effectively learn society’s values

greece/athenians

Pastor James, a priest of the ___________________ church is fearful that play is a great social threat. He warns that play will detract from \[ \] and \[ \] values that are instilled within the religion

Catholic; spiritual; work

A mother is worried about the effects of play. She goes to _____________ who comforts her. He tells her that she should not have any anxiety that her children play too much. Why she asks. His reply is: play is the \[ \] of human \[ \]

forebel; highest expression; development

vygotsky over hears the conversation that mother and forebel were having about her children and play. He chimes in and adds onto forebel’s thought about play being the highest form of human expression. \[ \] chips in, saying that children move \[ \] through play activity. Play is the thing that determines \[ \]

vygotsky; forward; child’s development

One day, Oliver comes home extremely upset from an event that happened at school. His mom understands the the catharsis theory of play and suggests that he go and play to let off steam. Why would she make this suggestion

because the mother understands that play serves as a safety valve for bottled up emotions

\
it is through play, she reasons, that provides an appropriate outlet for emotions to manifest themselves

Susan’s pre school class comes to her room all jittery and wiggly. Under what theory of play may Susan be able to get her students to settle down before starting her lesson. Provide reasoning as to why this theory is applicable to the situation she is in

surplus energy theory of play

\
she sees her students have excess energy. Through play they can expend the extra energy to spare

After susan’s pre school class comes in from the 5 minute play break, they quiet down. She whispers under her breath “thank you \[ \] for coming up with the play theory.” She is able to begin her lesson without disruptions

herbert spencer

Samantha comes home from school, she’s feeling down and is exhausted. Before starting her school work, she goes and plays with her younger sibling. After she is done, she is feeling much better and upbeat. What theory is at play in this scenario, define it as well

relaxation theory

\
play restores energy and energizes the person if they are tired

A parent angrily storms into his son’s class after the school day has ended. “I don’t pay hefty money to this school for teachers to have their students do a lot of play.” The teacher calmly responds: “I can assure you that they are learning a lot that will be beneficial to them in their life later.” “Like what?!” “Have you ever heard about the preparation theory of play?” the teacher asks. “No,” the father says indignantly. “Well the preparation theory of play conjectures that \[ \]. Aren’t those the things you would want for your child to learn and practice?” “Yes,” the father said sheepishly, clearly embarrassed about his outrage.

\
(fill in what the teacher is going to say based on what you know about this theory)

play is a way for children to practice adult life

\
through it, they learn about team work

\
play allows for those kind of role play

A mother walks into her child’s room. Her daughter is on the floor, drawing really abstract art with the colored pencils that are sprawled out on the floor. The aunt who is known to be very judgmental makes demeaning comment about the daughter’s art. Fed up the mother snaps, “Beth, don’t you understand that this kind of play is an outlet for energies, a way to use her abilities, and to express her personalities. You and everyone else have participated in this kind of play because it comes from a need for self expression.” What theory of play is the mother describing

self expression theory of play

The aunt apologizes for being so critical. Her sister is right because she used to play like that. Through play she was able to express herself and flex her abilities as well as demonstrate and get a better sense of what her personality is. “You’re absolutely right. Uhm, who might I look up in order to learn more about the self expression theory of play?” Briskly, Beth’s sister replies two names. What are their names

elmer mitchell

\
bernard mason

A father and a teacher are having a meeting about his son. The teacher says that the son is taking risks that don’t harm anyone but aren’t appropriate for the classroom. There seems to be a lot of stimuli seeking. The father replies there is no need to worry. “My son is someone who needs various stimuli in order to gain knowledge. We allow him to do certain activities that satisfy a need for excitement, risk, surprise and pleasure.” What theory is the father referring to

stimuli arousal play theory

“My child is always so cautious. She always seems to be testing the environment. You can literally see her brain gears going as she problem solves. Sometimes it takes a while, but she eventually gains a sense of mastery and she feels very accomplished afterwards.” Define the theory this description is alluding to

competence effectance theory

\
it is through experimentation (testing environments) or info seeking behaviours that these efforts (mastery and accomplishments) can be achieved

Csikszentmihalyi flow principle emphasizes that when

skills balance the challenge level of a task, flow is achieved

\
in flow state: one is totally immersed, there is a lost sense of time and surroundings

\
essentially you are in an altered state of being

You’re in deep conversation with Huizinga. You’re skeptical about why play should be important to children’s schooling and life in general. You argue that in life, play reduces, so you might as well learn how to be in a play-less environment early in life. Huizinga strongly disagrees with you. Because you have heard his arguments before, you (rolling your eyes) chime, in before he can say anything: “I know, I know. You always say that play is an important ______________________ and it pervades \[ \]. I know, I know. Huizinga’s theory, I know”

civilizing influence

\
all of life

Huizinga smiles, “Well since you know me so well, how would I describe play.” You respond, “Well, you say that play is:”

voluntary

\
freedom, never imposed by necessity or duty

\
outside the realm for the need to satisfy something

\
uncertain, but there is tension

\
play is not concerned with good or evil, but does have its own ethical values

“Very good,” Huizinga replies. “You are right in saying that play is voluntary (free from necessity or duty), outside the realm for satisfaction. It is uncertain, but there is tension. And although play is not concerned with good or evil, it does have its own ethical values. Now, what do I say about the rules of play?”

\
again you role your eyes because he has mentioned this too. Still you answer,

there are special rules that demand absolute order

\
rules must be obeyed once they are established and part of the play

Carillos, your professor for intro to play and recreation, have listed out the 4 categorizations of play. You are still confused by what each mean. He takes you to four different locations that will give you a visual example. The first one he takes you to is a football game. What is this an example of and why

Agon

\
there is competition

\
equal chance for players to win

\
play is based on skills

Caillois, making sure you truly understand that Agon is a type of play where the play is competitive, but allows for equal chance of victory since it is based on skills, he takes you to a gambling game where they don’t actually gamble. Instead, it is a safe version of russian roulette. How would you categorize this kind of play. Why would you say it is this specific categorization

alea

\
game of chance, not based on skills

Caillois has shown you two types of play, agon (competitive and skill based) and alea (based on chance). He takes you to a third location, a park. Here the both of you watch children play, where they are imagining they are in a castle and fighting off a dragon. You excitedly exclaim that this is ___________ play. He smiles at you, “that is correct, why?” You respond, “because mimicry is the type of play that is \[ \]”. He smiles even wider, “yes, this is what we would all consider pretend play.”

mimicry

\
accepting of illusions and imaginary universes

Still on the playground where the children are doing mimicry, Caillois takes you to a spinning contraption. He makes you sit in it and spins you around until you are dizzy. As he is spinning you, he asks “What play do I categorize this as?” Shrieking you scream: “\[ \]” Again he asks why. “Because this play revolves around

ilinx

\
vertigo and dizziness

After you and caillois return to his office back at the university, he asks one last question: define the two categories of play that the 4 types can fall under

paidia: exuberance, freedom, spontaneous gaiety

\
ludus: rules and conventions exist making the play calculated and contrived

Is it true that Brown’s theory believes that play is done purposelessly

true

brown says that play is due to a sense of obligation or duty

false

\
it’s done voluntarily

Brown describes play as having an inherent attraction

true

Brown says play has a time constrain or time frame

false

\
it is freedom from time

Brown believes that play doesn’t permit a diminished consciousness of self

false

\
there is a diminished consciousness of self

brown says that there is improvisational potential when it comes to play

true

brown says there not a continuation of desire

false

\
there is a continuation of desire

Dave goes to freud for some advice about his daughter who is having some social troubles at school. Dave asks how should his daughter deal with the unpleasant events she has gone through. Freud responds that she should do something that is considered play, explaining that play has a therapeutic function because it is a way of dealing with reality. Why would he give Dave that specific advice (what is freud’s reasoning)

play allows children to gain control and competence in life

\
through play, children are able to control and master threatening events

one of the characteristics of the working definition of play is that it is done for extrinsic needs

false

\
it is self motivated (carried on for intrinsic purposes)

Another part of the working definition includes play being pleasurable and humorous

true

the working definition of play also states that that play is competitive, can be a creative exploration, and can be also a way for problem solving, mimicry, and role play

true

the working definition of play says that play is not done during free time

false

\
it is done in free time

the working definition of play conjectures play is freedom but has structure based on rules and prescribed actions

false (kind of)

\
there is freedom and it lacks structure, although it can have rules and prescribed actions

Recreation is based on how the person feels while doing it

true

recreation is considered to be involuntary involvement

false

\
it is voluntary

recreation does not meet a need, it is just pointless

false

\
it meets a need

recreation is externally motivated, and not so much done because of intrinsic goals and rewards

false

\
it is internally motivated

recreation is pleasurable in nature

true

Francine has joined a knitting group because she wants to meet others who have the same hobby as her. She goes to sessions each week. There in her knitting group she begins relating to each other. How would james murphy categorize this motive for recreation and why

socializing behaviour

\
people relate to each other

Francine has joined a knitting group because she wants to meet others who have the same hobby as her. She goes to sessions each week. There in her knitting group she begins relating to each other. We said that this is indicative of a socializing behaviour motive, where she relates to other people. How would james murphy categorize this motive for recreation in another way and why

associative behaviour

\
because there is grouping together due to a common interest

Joe loves to run in any kind of terrain. He has signed up for a 100 mile run up in the mountains because he loves competing against the environment and improving his running time. How might James Murphy describe these two motives and why

competitive

\
competing against the environment and even against their own limitation

Sarah and Jane love to go sky diving. They are instructed to pull the parachute at a certain height or within a certain amount of time into their fall. At the very last possible second, both pull their parachutes. Doing this gives them an incredible adrenaline rush. James Murphy would say that their motive for doing this would fall into what categorization of his? why

risk taking

\
because there are stakes (death or injury)

Sally is scrolling through facebook and sees many pictures of one of her friends going on a cruise to Europe. Seeing this has made sally want to start traveling more and searching for travel locations she has never been to. This is a prime example of James Murphy’s categorization that falls under the __________________ motive. Why is this example under this categorization

exploratory

\
new environments are opening up to the participants (going out into new environments/settings)

Daniel **watches** many skiing championship videos, imaging as he watches that he is the one of the skiers wowing the crowd. This is a _____________ experience

vicarious

what does physical involvement mean when talking about it as motive for recreation

done for own sake

Sam loves filming and production because it activates his creativity and imagination. We can say that this is a motivation for recreation that falls under the _________________ because he is participating in an

creative arts

\
activity that stimulates creativity and the imagination

intellectual pursuits means the activity requires

cognitive skills

\[ \] and \[ \] say that recreation is perceived as an outcome of \[ \] for peak \[ \]

gray; greben'; participation; self satisfaction

Can recreation be regarded as an emotional state that results from force

false (because of one word)

\
results from participation

recreation cannot be regarded as a social institution, career field, or a business because it is purely activities that are done during free time

false

\
it can be regarded as a social institution, career field, or a business

recreation is voluntarily chosen for intrinsic purposes and is pleasurable even if it not 100% of the time

true

James focuses on leisure being based on a time, activity, or a setting, and although he does feel certain things when doing leisure and has certain thoughts about certain leisure activities, that is not what he emphasizes in regards to leisure. What definition of leisure does James follow? Why

Objective category

\
leisure is seen as a time, activity, or a setting

\
focuses on what, when, and how people do leisure

When Ashley and Erin come together to talk about how they felt, what they thought about the activity before, during, and after. How are these two’s discussion about leisure different from james’ definition leisure. This would be because

subjective definition of leisure

\
focuses on spiritual expression and state of mind (thinking and feeling)

What is it meant by when people refer to leisure as an activity

activity people engage in during their free time

\
can be considered non work activities

Leisure as a place or a setting just means that

setting/environment in which leisure activity is happening (venues, arenas, fields, parks, spaces, etc)

Leisure as spiritual expression focuses on

achieving personal fulfillment and self enrichment

Bill was signed up for a summer camp that he did not want to go to at all. His parents didn’t want him to be doing nothing all summer. What definition would Ryan and Deci use to describe this situation. Explain why

Amotivation

\
Performance done without intention of doing so (basically you don’t have a choice)

Charles is competing in a hot dog eating contest in the hopes of winning the coveted Nintendo Switch that will be given out to the person who can eat the most. What kind of motivation would Ryan and Deci classify this scenario as, please give a reason as to why

extrinsic motivation

\
extrinsic force or reward elicits the performance

Devin really hates participating in triathlons, but his friends signed him up along with them as a birthday celebration activity for one of the friends in the group. In the conversation about doing the triathlon, he explicitly tells his friends: “the only reason I am doing this is so I don’t let you guys down. I know you really want me to, so I am doing it for you guys.” Ryan and Deci would call this motivation ______________ because

introjected

\
performance done to alleviate guilt/anxiety or to enhance the ego (ie praise/attention)

identified motivation, according to ryan and deci, is when the individual does an activity because

they see value in the activity and gets something out of it

ryan and deci say that integrated motivation is a performance that

matches values and desires (can also have external reasons for doing performance)

intrinsic motivation, based on Ryan and Deci’s definition, is performance that is done

for the behaviour itself and the resulting feeling(s)

intrinsic motivation is enhanced and more likely to occur if there is a sense of \[ \], \[ \], and \[ \] are attached

autonomy

\
competence (capable and skilled, able to meet challenge)

\
relatedness (belonging, security, connection)

Alisha wants to take on swimming as a leisure/recreational activity. She reasons that this can help her growth, fitness, improve upon new skills and qualities, as well as improve heart endurance. Most importantly, she knows she is pretty sedentary and she has heard that can lead to obesity. How would you categorize these motivators and why

physical motivators

\
control obesity and preserving cardiovascular health

what is the recommended amount of time that adults should be active if they are doing moderately intense aerobic activity

150 minutes weekly

what is the recommended amount of time for vigorous activity

75 minutes weekly