EXAM 3

Which body region is controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex?

fingers

Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the \___ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.

optic disc

The solar plexus is used as a name for

either the celiac and mesenteric ganglia or with celiac ganglia only.

Autonomic function receives input from all these except

spinal cord

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

cochlear hair cells

A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a

sense organ

Which of the following structures is mainly white matter?

corpus callosum

This enzyme breaks down norepinephrine (NE).

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

\___ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.

splanchnic

Which of the following is not a way that receptors are classified

By sensory projection

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the reticular formation. Check all that apply.

-The reticular formation is responsible for the ability to stand up straight.-The reticular formation aids the ability to catch a ball.-Heart rate is regulated by the reticular formation.-If you step on a tack, the signals causing the perception of pain travel through the reticular formation.-The reticular formation helps you focus on one conversation in a crowded, noisy room.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an autonomic receptor?

ganglionic

The \___ association area is responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli, and the \___ association area is responsible for identifying them.

parietal and temporal

A predominance of \___ waves in an electroencephalogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is physically and mentally relaxed.

alpha

Short-term memory is associated with the \____, whereas long-term memory is associated with the \___.

hippocampus; cerebral cortex

Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the

thalamus

These are all characteristics of the enteric nervous systems except

Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.

MC \___ show more lateralization than \___.\___ show more lateralization than \___.

Adult males, adult females

Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?

norepinephrine

Which of the following is considered one of the neural tube's primary vesicles? Check all that apply.

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

What taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid?

umami

Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect

Expression of emotional feelings

Planning, motivation, and social judgment are functions of the brain associated with

frontal lobe

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS? Check all that apply.

- All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic.- All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors.- Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.

The great majority of \____ tracts pass through the corpus callosum.

commissural

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the organization of the human neocortex? Check all that apply.

The neocortex consists of pyramidal cells and stellate cells.All axons that leave the neocortex and extend into the cerebral white matter arise from the layers III, V, & VI of the neocortex.

The hippocampus and amygdala are structures found in

limbic system

are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision.

cones

Which of the following statements is true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.

Smell is a chemical senseOdorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptorOlfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli

Which of the following is a function of the enteric nervous system? Check all that apply.

- Regulates the movement of contents through the esophagus- Regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes- Innervates smooth muscles of the intestines

During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

the muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart and respiratory rates increase.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.

The adrenal glands secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.The adrenal medulla contains cells that synapse with sympathetic nerve fibers.

What is a sensation?

a subjective awareness of the stimulus

The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called \__________ neurons.

upper motor

The \___ is not an optic component of the eye.

retina

Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply.

Rods are responsible for night visionCones are associated with color visionCones function in brighter light

What structure is visible to the naked eye?

lingual papilla

Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?

Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland

Which of the following is an example of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors? Check all that apply.

-bitter- brightness of light- how long a note is held- left hand or right hand

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is \___, and/whereas the effect of somatic fibers is \___.

excitatory or inhibitory; always excitatory

Sympathetic fibers do not release

nitric oxide (NO)

Autonomic nervous system

Denervation would cause hypersensitivity

Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in

thalamus

A lesion of the \___ would probably cause a person to sleep for random lengths of time during a 24-hour period.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from \___ nm.

400-700

The primary olfactory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Cerebrospinal fluid serves these purposes except

To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a \____ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter \____.

preganglionic; acetylcholine (ACh)

The \___ is an especially important center of autonomic control.

hypothalamus

The medulla oblongata originates from

myelencephalon

When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called

accommodation

The duplicity theory of vision holds that

A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution.

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in the

cerebellum

Pain, heat, and cold are detected by

free nerve endings

The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are found in

medulla oblongata

Which of the following levels of the central nervous system plays a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.

Cerebral cortexHypothalamusSpinal cordBrainstem

This is the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face.

trigeminal nerve

The binding of \___ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will \___ it.

acetylcholine; excite

Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the \___.

optic chiasm

Sympathetic fibers arise only from the \____ region(s) of the spinal cord.

thoracic and lumbar

Determine which brain structure each of the following phrases describes. Then choose the structures that consist of gray matter. Check all that apply.

The origin of voluntary motor impulsesThe "gateway to the cerebral cortex"

If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to

adrenaline

A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called \_____, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.

Adenosine

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in

vagus nerve

Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?

Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Infrasonic frequencies below \___ Hz are not detected by the human ear, whereas ultrasonic frequencies above \___ Hz are inaudible vibrations.

20-20,000

Which of the following is NOT a type of brain wave?

Omega waves

This organ does not have nociceptors.

brain

Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes. These are all reasons for this except

The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are \____ and secrete \____.

myelinated; acetylcholine (ACh)

Which of the following functions would most likely be controlled by the representational hemisphere of the cerebrum?

painting; picture

These are all analgesics (pain relievers) naturally occurring in the central nervous system except

bradykinins

Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual projection pathway? Check all that apply.

Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex.Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the ipsilateral visual cortex.The left optic tract consists of nerve fibers from both eyes.

After a stroke a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected the

Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

After a stroke a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected the

Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe

The pons and cerebellum relate with this secondary embryonic vesicle.

metencephalon

Degeneration of neurons in this structure, which inhibits unwanted body movements, leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinson disease.

substantia nigra

\___ is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus.

smell

The sympathetic chain of ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) is found at the \___ levels of the spinal cord.

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Which of the following statements is true regarding gustation? Check all that apply.

Taste is chemical senseWhen gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is createdAll of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue

A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has what condition?

meningitis

These are all accessory structures of the eye except

cornea

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly

epinephrine (adrenaline)

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an)

receptor potential

The different types of cones are most accurately named for their

wavelength

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the \____ ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the \___.

lateral, third, and fourth; superior sagittal sinus

The blood brain barrier (BBB) consists of

Tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

There are no cranial nerves associated with

cerebellum

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __ neurons.

two

Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the \___, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word.

Broca area

The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The parasympathetic division arises from the \___ region(s) of the spinal cord.

brain and sacral

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive

gets higher

A(An) \___ eye does not need a corrective lens to focus the image.

emmetropic

Which of the following statements is true regarding cerebral lateralization? Check all that apply.

-Left-handed people usually exhibit a wider frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe on the left compared to the same lobes on the right
-Imagination, insight, and artistic skill are usually specialties of the right hemisphere.
-Lateralization develops with age and is not already developed at birth.

Which of the following is a true statement about the brain barrier system? Check all that apply.

-The brain barrier system is necessary because brain tissue is irreplaceable, and therefore must be well protected.-Both brain barriers utilize tight junctions to keep harmful substance from getting to the tissue fluid of the brain.-Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics can all cross the brain barrier system.-The brain barrier system is susceptible to trauma and damage.

White rami carry \____ neurons, while gray rami carry \____ neurons.

myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic

Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake are regulated by

hypothalamus

The pons is not associated with

neck movements

Muscarinic receptors bind

acetylcholine