WHAP Unit 4

Primogeniture Laws

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Omani-European Rivalry

portuguese vs the omani over the muslim controlled indian ocean trade. Caused columbus to search for a new trade route to India

portugal

location-

Maritime Empires

an empire composed of small portions of land separated by water

Maritime Empires

Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France and Holland.

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

trading post empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples. Set up multiple trading posts in an attempt to monopolize trade

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location based on the equator

Cartography

The science of making maps

Population Growth

not all workers could find work or food because of this

Al-Andalus

Islamic Spain, allowed Islamic ideas to spread into Europe

astronomical charts

used by sailors to know their position and direction when in the middle of the Ocean.

Carrack

Large Portuguese ship used for ocean travel

Flyut

Ships with square sails that were used for trade by the Dutch

Lateen Sail

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade. First used by Arab sailors

Italy

this country had a monopoly on trade goods coming from Asia and going to Europe due to its geographical position.

Bartholomew Dias (Portugal)

led the Portuguese closer to discovering a water route to Asia

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Alfonso de Albuquerque

won a battle against Arab traders and set up Portuguese factories in Malacca.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

France

Rarely settled permanently,
Traded with Native Americans and had a better relationship with them, Claimed much of N America for France

John Cabot

looking for the northwest passage in America, claimed lands for English

English

Claimed chesapeake bay and newfoundland,
Defeated ⅓ of the Spanish armada,
Established Jamestown

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Dutch

Sailed hudson river,
Claimed hudson river and New Amsterdam,
Started a fur trade in NA

Columbian Exchange

Exchange between America, Europe and Africa that traded crops, livestock and disease.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic Slave Trade

northwest passage

Dutch Empire

location-

transoceanic travel

the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns made __________ possible

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Encomendero

The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church.

Hacienda system

similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners

Middle Passage

A bruta voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

Metacom's War

Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world

Glorius Revolution

The overthrow of English King James II in 1688 and his replacement by William and Mary.

Portugese

the first Europeans to set up trading posts along the African coast

Dahomey

West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

Dahomey

location -

African Art

Proves that European traders had influence on the Kongo and Benin kingdoms.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Swahili city-states

Fell into economic decline after Vasco da gama's invasion

Swahili city-states

location-

Japan

banned christianity because thousands of people were converting to it

Japan

location-

Japan

this country cut itself off from the entire world for roughly 200 years. There were no foreign influences allowed

Ming Dynasty

They restricted trade to limit foreign influence on their empire.

Shaped empire expansion

politics, economics and religion

Great Britain

began an economic relationship with the mongols

Portugal

this country had trading posts in Goa

Portugal

location -

Goa

location-

France

controlled Pondicherry

Pondicherry

location

Seven Years War

drove France out of India

disease

led to the decline of the Aztecs and Incas

New Spain

After the defeat of the Aztecs, it was a Spanish colony. Its capital was Mexico City.

New Spain

location-

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

St. Augustine

The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in America, It was the first spanish settlement in 1565

French and Indian War

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Portugal

Used military force to take advantage of profitable Indian Ocean Trade

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Hacienda system

Spanish landowners developed agriculture on their lands and used coerced labor on their lands

Mit'a System

The Incan system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Silver

when discovered by the Spanish, it strengthened their economy

Slave

a laborer in Africa and America that were considered property and had few rights. Usually carried out domestic and agricultural labor

Serf

A laborer in Asia and Europe that were attached to the land they worked and had no legal backing. They carried out subsistence farming and most of the crops went to their lord.

Indentured Servants

A laborer from all regions that carried out domestic labor and field work. Their employer paid for their transportation to a new location and in return individuals would work for about seven years without pay.

Free pesants

Carried out farming and crafts. Worked on their own land, Sometimes owned a business, Paid taxes to the lord and Paid tithes to the church

Guild member

A skilled craft worker in Europe who organized and set standards for quality and price. They started as an apprentice and could eventually work independently.

indegenous

Europeans stopped using ____________ workers because Disease wiped many of them out and because they knew the land better, it was easy for them to escape and blend into their surroundings.

Middle Passage

a cruel journey that African Americans sailed from Africa across the atlantic. Usually six weeks long and up to 50% of the passengers die.

Polygyny

Because so many more men than women were taken, ___________ became common.

Indian Ocean

The slave trade over the _____________________ brought slaves to islands along the African coast such as Madagascar where they became household servants and worked on trade ports. Conditions were better because they could form friendships and work along free men,

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Commercial Revolution

This was caused by the development of oversea colonies, new ocean trade routes, population growth
and inflation

limited liability

this made investing safer as investors were NOT reliable for the companies downfall.

Spain and Portugal

In these empires, the government did most of the investig making joint-stock companies less common

Dutch

This empire was the middlemen of Europe as many goods and trade routes passed through is control.

Dutch East India Company

this company made most of its money on the spice islands

Triangular Trade

morocco

conquered the Songhai empire for their riches.

Songhai

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