Academic Decathlon 23-23 Art

What are two ways that art historians analyze works of art ?

formal and contextual

What does formal analysis focus on ?.

the visual qualities of the work of art itself

What does formal analysis require ?

excellent skills in observation and description

What does contextual analysis involve ?

Looking outside of the work of art to determine its meaning

What does contextual analysis focus on ?

cultural , social , religious , and economic context in which the work was produced

How do art historians begin their analysis ?

a close examination of a work of art

What else do art historians look at beside the work itself when examining it ?

Any associated studies , such as sketches , prep models , and other works of artist

What are archival sources and where can they be found ?

Letters , documents , art criticisms , they can be found in archives or libraries

What do art historians rely on in cultures that focus more on oral history than written documents ? I

Interviews with artists and consumers of works of art

As an example , what would an art historian studying masquerade traditions in West Africa , do to better understand art traditions ?

participate in a performance

Who is the ancient Roman historian who sought to analyze historical and contemporary art in his text , Natural History ?

Pliny the Elder

Who gathered the biographies of great Italian artists , past and present in The Lives of the Artists ?

Giorgio Vasari

Who is the German scholar whose emphasis was on stylistic development as related to historical context ?

Johann Joachim Winckelmann

Who has recently revised art history noting that traditional versions of it have focused on white men ?

feminist historians

What are considered enduring materials for artifacts ?

stone , metal , or fired clay

What are considered perishable materials ?

wood and fibers

Give an example of how environmental conditions have a major impact on preservation of artifacts .

the hot dry climate of the desert in Egypt enabled preservation of materials like papyrus

What are the oldest works of art mentioned in the study guide ?

Cave painting in Chauvet Cave in southwestern France

When were the cave paintings in Chauvet Cave discovered and during which time period were they created ?

1994 , in the Old Stone Age

What were the drawings in the cave paintings in Chauvet Cave ?

mostly animals like horses , bears , lions , bison , mammoths and outlines of human hands

What is another well - known group of artworks from the Old Stone Age ?

Small female figures that have exaggerated bellies , breasts and pubic areas

What is the best known female figure from the Old Stone Age ?

Venus

What happened in the Middle Stone Age that produced art similar to the cave painting of the Paleolithic Period ?

The climate warmed .

When is it estimated that rock shelter drawings were created ?

Around 7000 BCE and 4000 BCE

What art form is most linked to the New Stone Age ?

Rings or rows of rough - hewn stones located in Western Europe

What is the most well - known rock arrangement of the New Stone Age ?

Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain in Wilshire England

What does Stonehenge feature ?

Concentric rings made with sarsen stones and smaller bluestones

What is outside of the Stonehenge formation , and what special point does it mark ?

The vertically placed " heelstone " , marking the point at which the sun rises on the midsummer solstice

Where have many extant artifacts come from ?

Burial chambers , caves , and tombs

Which civilization created impressive sculptures and buildings from around 4000 BCE ?

Sumerians in Mesopotamia

What were stepped pyramids called ?

Ziggurats

What is the oldest legal code known in its entirety ?

Code of Hammurabi

What is the best - known artwork related to the Code of Hammurabi ?

A stone stele carved sculpture

What do Assyrian relief carvings often depict ?

Battles , sieges , hunts , and other important events

What is the great ziggurat of the temple of Bel called ?

Ishtar Gate

What were the Persians notable for ? Which particular palace they built is most important ?

Impressive architectural achievements , Palace at Persepolis

What are three of the most recognizable works from Ancient Egypt ?

The Sphinx , the great pyramids at Giza , and the portrait head of Queen Nefertiti

What is the style that much of Egyptian art emphasizes ?

Hierarchical scale

What is an example of hierarchical scale ?

Palette of King Narmer

What is the name of the technique where figures are presented so that each part of the body is shown as clearly as possible ?

Fractional representation

What is the most famous of the Egyptian tombs ?

The boy king , Tutankhamun

When was King Tutankhamun's tomb found ?

1922

What is the most famous object found in King Tut's tomb ?

His burial mask

What is the legend of the Minotaur from Minoan culture ?

Creature believed to be half man , half bull who devoured those who entered his maze

What does the art of the Minoan Island people often depict ?

Sea life , including statues of a female snake goddess

What were the two major forms of Minoans ' paintings ?

Frescoes painted on palace walls , and pottery designs

Which culture followed the Minoan civilization , and was centered around a city on the Greek mainland ?

The Mycenaeans culture

What materials were used for sculptures from Egypt and Mesopotamia ?

Marble and limestone

What two decorative column styles were used in ancient Greek temples ?

Doric and Ionic

What was a feature of the Corinthian style of painting vases ?

It set figures against a floral ornamental background .

What is the name of the pose invented that shows a body to its best advantage ?

Contrapposto

What temple was restored in 447 BCE after it had been destroyed by the Persians , and is one of the most admired works of all ages ?

The Parthenon

What are two notable works from the Hellenstic Period ?

Venus de Milo , and the Laocoon Group

Which civilization is known largely from the arts of tomb decoration ?

The Etruscans

Which civilization made achievements in architecture and engineering with their discovery of concrete ?

The Romans

What did the Romans pioneer from their use of bridges and aqueducts ?

The curved arch

Which two buildings are still standing in Rome that showcase the engineering genius of the Romans ?

The Colosseum , and the Pantheon

What was a common practice for members of a funeral procession to do during the Roman Republic ?

Carrying small carved images of the deceased family member

What is the most famous art form from the Byzantine culture ?

Mosaic

What is considered the greatest architectural achievement that was built in Constantinople ?

Hagia Sophia

What was the international language in the ancient world and what were books written on ?

Latin , books were hand copied on vellum parchment

What are two notable examples of manuscripts that facilitated the artistic exchange of ideas between northern and southern Europe ?

The Book of Kells , and the Coronation Gospels

What art are nomadic Germanic people known for ?

Metalwork

What were the Vikings from Scandinavia known for ?

Sculptures on their wooden ships

What is the resulting style that came from merging Viking art and Anglo - Saxon England and Celtic Ireland ?

Hiberno - Saxon

What is the name of the style used in the earliest churches that used a Roman arch in its design and what is one famous example of this style ?

Romanesque , Saint Sernin in Toulouse , France

What do you call an important element of the Gothic style where the framework is made of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling ?

Ribbed vaults

What were additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of the building ?

Flying buttresses

What is a classic example of a Gothic cathedral in France ( begun 1145 and rebuilt after 1194 ) ?

Chartres Cathedral

Who is the artist best known for his frescoes that is mentioned in connection with the transition time period from Medieval to Renaissance ?

Giotto di Bondone

How were Giotto's works different from other Gothic works ?

He gave his figures powerful gestures and emotional expressions .

During what time period was paper money first developed ?

Renaissance

Which famous family accumulated wealth during the Renaissance and were major patrons of the arts ?

Medici family

Who was the winner of a competition in Florence to design the doors for the new baptistery ?

Lorenzo Ghiberti

What did Michelangelo call the second set of doors that Ghiberti designed for the Florence cathedral ?

Gates of Paradise

Which Renaissance artist is considered the founder of modern sculpture ?

Donatello

What is the famous bronze sculpture created by Donatello that is the first known freestanding nude statue to have been cast ?

David

Who painted The Birth of Venus ?

Botticelli

Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo are the models for which term ?

Renaissance Man

Besides being known as an inventor , what else is Leonardo Da Vinci recognized as ?

Architect , engineer , painter , sculptor , scientist and musician

Which two of Leonardo Da Vinci's paintings have become icons of popular culture ?

The Last Supper , and Mona Lisa

What technique , meaning smoke , uses mellowed colors and a blurred outline ?

Sfumato

Who carved David out of a difficult piece of marble that had a large crack in it ?

Michelangelo

Who commissioned Michelangelo to design his tomb , then cancelled the project ?

Pope Julius II

A to What was the second commission Pope Julius II made to Michelangelo ?

To decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

How long did it take Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel ?

Four years

What other artist from the High Renaissance was also commissioned by Pope Julius II , and learned much from Michelangelo ?

Raphael Sanzio

Which is considered Raphael's masterwork ?

Sistine Madonna

Which painter from Venice is credited with making innovations on landscapes ?

Giorgione

What is the name of the artwork by Giorgione where the figures depicted are less important than the threatening storm ?

The Tempest

Which Venetian painter is recognized as the greatest colorist of the Renaissance artists ?

Titian Vecelli

What artistic style is the great Venetian painter , Tintoretto , linked to ?

Mannerism

What is the name of the technique where dramatic contrasts of light and dark are used to heighten the emotional impact of the subjects ?

Chiaroscuro

What important religious event impacted the history of sixteenth - century art , where Protestants criticized the opulence of the Catholic Church ?

Reformation

How did the Catholic Church react to Reformation

Counter - Reformation , where even more lavish church decorations using highly dramatic and emotional effects

Which artist represents the Counter - Reformation with his dramatic use of elongated figures ?

El Greco

Which two German artists are considered the greatest artists of the Renaissance in northern Europe ?

Matthias Grunewald , and Albrecht Durer

What is the name of Durer's artwork that showcases a series of woodcuts and copper engravings ?

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Which German artist is considered to be the greatest Renaissance portraitist ?

Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger became the court painter for which famous monarch ?

King Henry VIII