A&P 1 Test 4 Lab

The posterior cavity is filled with this gelatinous fluid and is not replaced during your life

vitreous humor

Has the anterior and posterior chambers and has the aqueous humor

anterior cavity

Is the space enclosed by the cornea and iris

anterior chamber

Is behind the iris and around the lens

posterior chamber

Is a watery fluid that is constantly produced and reabsorbed in the eye, similar to cerebrospinal fluid

aqueous humor

Refers to the eye's ability to focus light sharply on the retina

refraction

The closest you can hold an object and still focus on it sharply, can be altered by all types of refractive errors

accommodation

Result of irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

astigmatism

Is the normal focusing of light on the retina of the eye.

emmetropic

Or farsightedness, this problem is caused by the foreshortened growth of the eyeball

hyperopia

Or nearsightedness, when light enters the eyes in front of the retina. This problem is caused by the oblong growth of the eyeball

myopia

Old eyes, the eye can no longer focus up close due to stiffening of the lens

persbyopia

Eye test - Snellen eye chart

visual acuity

The difference in the images provided to your brain from your two eyes that have a slightly different view of the world

retinal disparity

Includes both the parts of your vision where what your eyes see overlaps and the parts of your lateral sides where it does not overlap

field of view

The optic disc is the location where the optic nerve exits the medial posterior of the eyeball. At this location there are no photoreceptors

blind spot

Is the traditional method of identifying the presence of refractive errors. An eye test

Snellen chart

Your brain uses the locations of your eyes, the positions to estimate distance rapidly and accurate

depth perception

Are the sensory cells of vision

photoreceptor

See black and white, used in dim light

rod

See color, used in bright light

cone

How far to the side of your eye you can see without physically moving your eye

peripheral vision

Enables depth perception

binocular vision

opening into the temporal bone is lined with skin

auditory canal

stirrup-shaped ossicles that touches the oval window

stapes

portion that is open to the air around your head

outer (external) ear

Thin membrane separating the outer ear from the middle ear:

tympanic membrane

hollow organ that houses two organs of equilibrium

vestibule

anvil-shaped bone in between the other ossicles

incus

hollow, air filled chamber within the temporal bone

middle ear

small nerve branches that innervate the organs of equilibrium

vestibular nerve

spiral-shaped organ of hearing

cochlea

hammer-shaped bone in contact with the tympanic membrane

malleus

outer flap of elastic cartilage, adipose tissue and skin

auricle

large nerve that innervates the cochlea; carries sound info

cochlear nerve

three tubular organs that sense rotational acceleration

semicircular canals

membrane that separates the inner and middle ear

oval window

connecting tube to the upper throat

auditory tube

sensory organs of hearing and equilibrium; in temporal bone

inner ear

list the parts of the ear in order for hearing of sound transmitted through air:

Vibrations are funneled by the _____ through the _____ where they move the _____ then they are carried by the _____ and the ____ and the _____ the vibrations enter the inner ear at the ______ are sensed in the ______ vibrations leave the inner ear through the ______ sound information is carried to the brain on the ______

auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, oval window, stapes, cochlea, round window, cochlear nerve

when traveling through bone, the vibrations move through the skeleton on the ___ bone of the skull which houses the cochlea

temporal

a subject who can hear sound better by both air and bone in one ear probably has ___ hearing loss

sensorineural

the ___ test can tell only whether one of your ears has better hearing than the other

Weber

the ___ of a sound is measured by your body as the length of a sound wave

pitch

sound ___ is determined by the difference in arrival time at your two ears

direction

the ___ of a sound is measured by your body as the height of a soundwave

volume

normal age related loss of hearing is called

presbycusis

a subject who can hear sound better through bone than through air probably has ___ hearing loss

conductive

the ___ test compares your ability to hear sound through air and bone

Rinne

the ___ amplify the sound received by the ear drum

ossicles

sensory structures within the cochlea that respond to vibrations are ___ cells

hair

The name of the receptor region containing hair cells in the vestibule is the

macula

the sensory structures for the sense of equilibrium are the

sacule, utricle, maculae, cupula of the semicircular canal

which structure is ONLY involved in sensing dynamic equilibrium

the semicircular canals

there are ____ semicircular canals

3

hair cells in the crista ampullaris are

embedded in a gelatinous cap

If I turn my head swiftly to the left to look over my shoulder, the fluid in my semicircular canals will

remain still

receiving differing information about movement from the vestibular apparatus and eyes can result in

nausea

in addition to the functions of the inner ear, the ability to maintain equilibrium depends on

vision and proprioception

nystagmus is

reflexive movement of the eyes in response to real or perceived movement of the head

when i ride an elevator upwards, the feeling at the beginning and end of the ride is me sensation of

dynamic equilibrium

acceleration in a car would cause

cilia in the macula of the vestibule to bend backward

put the gustatory structures in order from largest to smallest

tongue, taste papilla, taste bud, gustatory cell, microvilli, receptor protein

which of the following papillae contains taste buds

filiform papillae, foliate papille, vallate papillae, fungiform papillae

the sense of taste and smell only work when their sensory organs are wet

true

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

H+ ions

sour

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

Aspirin

Bitter

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

aspartate

umami

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

sugars

sweet

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

acids

sour

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

alkaloids

bitter

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

lead salt

sweet

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

Ca2+ ions

salty

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

alcohol

sweet

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

Na+ ions

salty

match the tastant with the sensation it causes:

glutamate

umami

difficult to study because it is processed in the insula lobe

gustation

has 5 well established receptor types

gustation

senses the presence of a tastant

gustation

provides information about the flavor of food

gustation, olfaction

senses the presence of an odarant

olfaction

sensed on cranial nerve I

olfaction

functions through chemoreceptors

olfactions, gustation

shows adaptation at the receptor rather than in the CNS

olfaction

orientation and static balance, horizontal tilt

utricle

orientation and balance, vertical tilt

saccule

how well someone hears

acuity

or loudness, is our perception of the height of a sound wave, db

volume

location of vibration in the cochlea; near staples = high, far = low

pitch

when vibrations are transferred to the cochlea, the membranes push one, and bend the cilia

hair cells

can be used to determine whether the defect is in the amplifying system (conductive deafness) or in the cochlea or nervous system (sensorineural deafness)

Rinne test

allows you to determine whether both ears have the same ability to hear

weber test

the process of identifying the source of the sound

sound localization

If the amount of time the subject can hear the tuning fork through bone and air is equal for each ear, but different from ear to ear then this individual had _____ deafness in the ear with the shorter times. This should be the ear that heard the sound as quieter in the Weber test

sensorineural deafness (rinne test)

The cochlea, nerves or brain do not receive or interpret sound correctly and the sound will be softer/absent in the impaired ear.

sensorineural deafness (weber test)

If the amount of time the individual hears the sound through bone is much longer than through air, then the individual has ___ deafness. This should be the ear that heard the sound louder during the weber test

conductive deafness (rinne test)

The auditory canal, tympanic membrane, or ossicles are damaged/blocked. The background noise of the room, carried through the air, is absent in this ear, so the tuning fork sound, carried through the bone, seems louder in the impaired ear

conductive deafness (weber test)

Is the combination of three types of sensory information that tell you how your head is oriented in and accelerating through space

equilibrium

two sensory organs the utricle and the saccule

vestibule

Sense rotational acceleration in each of their three plans of orientation

semicircular canal