anatomy final

The autonomic nervous system is a subdivision of the

peripheral nervous system

Axons

carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

Dendrites

are usually highly branched

Another name for connecting neurons is

interneurons

This type of glia cell turns into a microbe-eating cell in inflamed brain tissue.

microglia

Which of the following statements is NOT true of multiple sclerosis?
a. It is considered a myelin disorder.
b. Oligodendrocyte injury or death occurs.
c. The disease is most common in women between the ages of 20-40.
d. It is usually the result of a neuroma.

d. It is usually the result of a neuroma.

The outermost covering of a nerve cell is called the

epineurium

The most simple nervous system pathway

is a two-neuron pathway

This structure is not part of a synapse

neurotransmitter (synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell are structures of a synapse)

This neurotransmitter is not considered a catecholamine

acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
a. produces antidiuretic hormone
b. helps regulate body temperature
c. plays a part in the so-called arousal or alerting mechanism
d. helps regulate water balance

c. plays a part in the so-called arousal or alerting mechanism

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the cerebellum?
a. It is the second largest part of the brain.
b. It lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
c. It is responsible for muscle coordination.
d. It helps regulate water balance and sleep cycles.

d. It helps regulate water balance and sleep cycles.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the spinal cord?
a. It is the primary reflex center.
b. It contains both gray and white matter.
c. It extends from the occipital bone to the third sacral vertebrae.
d. It transmits impulses to and from the brain.

c. It extends from the occipital bone to the third sacral vertebrae.

The outermost of the meninges is the

dura mater

Cerebrospinal fluid is found between the

arachnoid mater and the pia mater

If a person never had chickenpox, it is likely that he or she will ever have

shingles

The somatic nervous system carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to

skeletal muscles

True or False. The autonomic nervous system is considered a subdivision of the central nervous system.

False

True or False. The axon of a sensory neuron would usually transmit and impulse to an interneuron.

True

True or False. The axon of a motor neuron would usually transmit an impulse to a muscle.

True

True or False. An inflammation of the brain tissue would increase the activity of microglia.

True

True or False. Multiple sclerosis is a disease resulting from disorders in the functioning oligodendrocytes.

True

True or False. Because gliomas are usually benign tumors, they are never life-threatening.

False

True or False. Gray matter is gray because it doesn't have myelin.

True

True or False. The endoneurium is deep to the perineurium which is deep to the epineurium.

True

True or False. The difference between a two- and a three-neuron reflex contains an interneuron.

True

True or False. The knee-jerk reflex goes from receptor neuron to interneuron to effector neuron.

False

True or False. The synaptic knob is the small space separating the pre- and postsynaptic neurons.

False

True or False. The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain make up the brainstem.

True

True or False. Ridges on the surface of the cerebrum are called sulci.

False

True or False. Fissures are deep sulci.

True

True or False. Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia.

True

True or False. Epilepsy is considered a seizure disorder.

True

True or False. Blood vessels produce and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid.

True

True or False. Neuroblastoma is an inherited disorder of the sympathetic nervous system.

False

Matching. This structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.

corpus callosum

Matching. This structure is the most superior part of the brainstem.

midbrain

Matching. This structure is the main reflex center of the CNS.

spinal cord

Matching. This structure is part of the CNS but also produces hormones for the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

Matching. This structure is just below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and is responsible for muscle coordination.

cerebellum

Matching. This is a shallow groove in the outer surface of the cerebrum.

sulcus

Matching. These structures are islands of gray matter in the white matter of the cerebrum.

basal ganglia

Matching. This structure in the brain associates sensations with emotions.

thalamus

Matching. This is a ridge on the surface of the cerebrum.

gyrus

Matching. This part of the brainstem contains the "vital centers".

medulla oblongata

Matching. This is the largest and uppermost part of the brain.

cerebrum

The medical name describing an accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain is \_________.

hydrocephalus

The two principal types of specialized cells found in the nervous system are \________ and \________.

neurons; glia

Nervous system cells that from the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord are called \________ cells.

oligodendroglia

Nerve impulses travel \________ from a nerve cell body in a single process called the \________.

away; axon

The microscopic space that separates the axon endings of one neuron from the dendrites of another neuron is called a \________ \________.

synaptic cleft

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is called a \________.

dermatome

There are \____ pairs of cranial nerves and \____ pairs of spinal nerves.

12; 31

Motor neurons in the ANS conduct impulses to three kinds of tissues:

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial

List the organs of the nervous system and describe the generalized functions of the system as a whole.

The eye can be considered

a special sense

The sense of touch can be considered

a general sense

Muscle spindles can be considered

a proprioceptor

Which of the following is NOT one of the three layers of tissue that forms the eyeball?
a. conjunctiva
b. sclera
c. choroids
d. retina

a. conjunctiva

Which of the following is an involuntary muscle that makes up the front part of choroids?
a. the iris
b. the pupil
c. the ciliary body
d. both a and c

d. both a and c

Matching. This structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.

corpus callosum

Which of the following is NOT associated with the retina?
a. rods
b. lens
c. cones
d. macula lutea

b. lens

Light passes through all of the following structures to get to the retina EXCEPT
a. pupil
b. lens
c. palpebral fissure
d. cornea

c. palpebral fissure

If the eyeball is elongated, it causes which of the following conditions?
a. myopia
b. hyperopia
c. nearsightedness
d. both a and c above

d. both a and c above

The leading cause of permanent blindness in the elderly is

macular degeneration

The external ear ends at the

tympanic membrane

Which of the following structures in the inner ear is the organ of hearing?
a. bony labyrinth
b. semicircular canal
c. vestibule
d. cochlea

d. cochlea

Which of the following is NOT a hearing loss caused by nerve impairment or damage?
a. Meniere's disease
b. presbycusis
c. otitis media
d. all of the above are caused by nerve impairment or damage

c. otitis media

Which of the following is a progressive hearing loss usually associated with aging?
a. tinnitus
b. presbycusis
c. otitis
d. otosclerosis

b. presbycusis

Which of the following is UNTRUE about the sense of taste?
a. It is a chemoreceptor.
b. The sense of taste is generated by cells in the taste buds called gustatory cells.
c. There are four primary tastes.
d. All of the above are true about the sense of taste.

d. All of the above are true about the sense of taste.

Which of the following is UNTRUE about the sense of smell?
a. It is a chemoreceptor.
b. The olfactory receptors are very sensitive.
c. The olfactory receptors maintain their sensitivity for along period of time.
d. All of the above are true about the sense of smell.

c. The olfactory receptors maintain their sensitivity for along period of time.

True or False. A general sense organ can respond to many different types of stimuli; a special sense organ can respond to only one.

False

True or False. Ruffini's corpuscles and Krause's end-bulbs are two examples of encapsulated sense receptors.

True

True or False. One of the main functions of a sense receptor is to convert some physical stimulus into a nerve impulse.

True

True or False. The skin has the highest concentration of special senses.

False

True or False. Proprioceptors respond to stimuli from inside the body rather than from outside the body.

True

True or False. If a person has brown eyes it is because the cornea is brown.

False

True or False. The mucous membrane which covers the inside of the eyelid and covers the front of the sclera is called the conjunctiva.

True

True or False. As we move from day to night, our vision switches from rod vision to cone vision.

False

True or False. Vitreous humor is found in the posterior chamber of the eye.

True

True or False. The photoreceptors of the eye are the rods and cones.

True

True or False. Astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia can all be corrected by glasses.

True

True or False. "Pink eye" is an infection of the sclera.

False

True or False. People with vision in only one eye would have difficulty driving because of the loss of depth perception.

True

True or False. The membrane covering the oval window vibrates in response to pressure applied by the stapes.

True

True or False. The auditory tube has no direct role in hearing.

True

True or False. Two of the three parts of the inner ear deal with balance rather than hearing.

True

True or False. The sense of taste and smell are both considered chemoreceptors.

True

True or False. The receptors for the sense of taste are called papillae.

False

True or False. Much of the sense of taste is actually the sense of smell.

True

Matching. This part of the eye contains the highest concentration of cones.

fovea

Matching. This is the "white" of the eye.

sclera

Matching. This is the clear part of the sclera, sometimes called the window of the eye.

cornea

Matching. This receptor responds in dim light and for night vision.

rod

Matching. This is actually a hole in the eye that lets light in.

pupil

Matching. This part of the eye is called the blind spot; it is where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

optic disc

Matching. The receptor responds in bright light and is able to distinguish colors.

cone

Matching. This is the structure that is the colored part of the eye and can construct or dilate the pupil.

iris

Matching. This is the middle layer of the eyeball that contains dark pigment.

choroids

Matching. This structure is directly behind the pupil and is used to focus light.

lens