ANAPHY LEC LESSON 1: THE BASICS

Anatomy

study of body structures

Anatomy

dissect, cut, apart, and separate

Anatomy

examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

Systemic Anatomy

study of body systems

Regional Anatomy

study of the organization of the body by areas

Surface Anatomy

study of external features such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures

Anatomical Imaging

involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

Physiology

the study how the different body structures function

Physiology

it is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

Goals of Physiology

examining the body's response to stimuli

Goals of Physiology

examining the body's maintenance of stable internal conditions

Pathology

study and diagnosis of disease

Pathophysiology

the study of disease or injury and the associated abnormal function leasing to disease or injury

Anatomical Position

The body is upright. The legs are close together. Feet are flat on the floor. Arms are close to the sides. Head, toes, and palms are facing forward

Right

toward the body's right side

Left

toward the body's left side

Inferior

below

Superior

above

Anterior/Ventral

toward the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

toward the back of the body

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from a point of attachment

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Medial

toward the middle or midline of the body

Superficial

toward or on the surface

Deep

away from the surface, internal

Anatomical Regions (AXIAL)

abdominal. axillary, cephalic/cranial, cervical, facial, inguinal, pelvic, thoracic, and umbilical

Anatomical Regions (APPENDICULAR)

brachial, carpal, cubital, femoral, palmar, patellar, plantar, tarsal

Anatomical Regions (Abdominal Area- 4 Quadrants)

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Anatomical Regions (Abdominal Area- 9 regions)

Right Hypochondriac Region, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac Region, Right Lumbar Region, Umbilical Region, Left Lumbar Region, Right Iliac Region, Hypogastric region, Left Iliac Region

Anatomical Planes

Sagittal Plane, Transverse Plane, Frontal/Coronal Plane

Sagittal Plane

separates the body into left and right halves

Transverse Plane

dividing the body into inferior and superior portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

divides the body into frontal (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

Anatomical Cavities

dorsal cavity and ventral body cavity

Dorsal cavity

encloses the organs of the nervous system

2 subdivisions of dorsal cavity

cranial cavity and ventral body cavity

Cranial Cavity

houses the brain

Vertebral Canal

houses the spinal cord

Meninges

membrane that covers brain and spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

houses the vast majority of the internal organs (viscera- in contact with the organ)

Thoracic Cavity

house the heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abodminal cavity

contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as liver, stomach, spleen, and small intestine.

Pelvic cavity

consists of pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs

3 subdivisions of thoracic cavity

pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

not in contact with the heart

Visceral pericardium

in contact with the heart

pericardial fluid

liquid in the space of pericardial membranes

Parietal pleura

not in contact with the lungs

Visceral pleura

in contact with the lungs

Pleural fluid

liquid in the space of pleural membranes

Peritoneal Cavity

houses many internal organs such as liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs

Parietal peritoneum

not in contact with the internal organs

Visceral peritoneum

in contact with the internal organs

peritoneal fluid

liquid in the space of peritoneal membranes

Mesenteries

sections of the membrane where the peritoneum comes back parallel to itself

Mesenteries

water-balloon like serous membrane

Greater Omentum

fatty apron lying over all the abdominal viscera

Greater Omentum

extends from the inferior margin of the stomach

Lesser Omentum

smaller and extends from the siperior edge of the stomach to the liver

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Homeostasis

attempt to bring the levels back to the optimal range

Negative Feedback

the process the body uses to reverse the direction of movement away from homeostasis.

Negative Feedback

when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

Negative Feedback

maintains variation within normal range.

Negative Feedback

means "to decrease"

Receptor

monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

Control Center

determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

Effector

can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point.

Positive Feedback

response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point becoming even greater

Positive Feedback

means "to increase"

Disease

disruption of the body's homeostatic environment as a result of abnormally functioning organs and organ systems

Acute Diseases

rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short duration

Chronic Disease

having slow progression and long duration

Predisposing Factors

affects the overall health status of an individual (age, gender, environment, heredity, and lifestyle)

Infection (Age)

babies are born with only partially developed immune systems

Infection (Age)

children are often more vulnerable to infections caused by microorganisms such as bacterium or virus.

Congenital Disorders (age)

disorders present at birth (cleft lip)

Genetic Disorders (Age)

diseases caused by inherited genes, which are passed to children by their parents

Developmental Disorders (age)

caused by an event that may occur while the child is developing in the womb, at birth, or after the child is born. This type of disorder may interrupt normal development, either in a single area of development or several different areas of development.

Elderly

there is a general reduction at the cellular and organ levels.

Elderly

this reduction of function is accompanied by the inability of certain organs such as the brain and heart to regenerate, which leaves aging individual potential open to pathological conditions

Gender

Men and women are built differently; they have different reproductive organ systems and different mechanisms that control the functions of their bodies.

Gender

some diseases are more prevalent in one gender than in the other.

Lifestyle

Habits can have a negative effect on a person's overall health

Environment

diseases can occur to an individual who are exposed with the environment (polluted air or water)

Heredity

The genetic material inherited from both parents may come with links to certain diseases and pathological conditions

Signs

objective signals that can be measured

Symptoms

subjective signals relative to the patient that indicate that something is wrong. It cannot be measured.

2 important signals of a diseases

pain and inflammation

pain

defense mechanism to warn the body or person that there is a problem

inflammation

normal response to injury and disease

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

redness-rubor, heat-calor, swelling-tumor, pain-dolor, loss of function

Infectious Diseases

caused by pathogens (disease causing agents). Different sources of infections, modes of transmission, and pathological agents responsible for the disease.

Communicable disease

contagious (spread from person to person)

Non-communicable disease

caused by pathogens but are not contagious

Non-infectious disease

cancers, immune disorders, genetic disorders, mental disorders, and trauma injury

Cancers

uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Its cells function solely to grow and divide

Immune Disorders

results to inability of the body's immune system to effectively protect and defend itself