Psychology 1010

Germinal Stage

Conception to 2 weeks

zygote

30-50% of pregnancies end during this stage

Embryonic stage

2-8 weeks

formation of organs

Fetal stage

8 weeks - birth

formation of bone cells

heartbeat is detectable between 8-12 weeks

When does hearing develop?

ears are connected to brain at 18 weeks

response to sound at 26 weeks

when does smell and taste develop?

depends on the chemicals in amniotic fluid

when does vision develop?

children are not born blind but their vision does most of its development after birth

when do some of the functions of a fetus develop?

CNS(3 weeks), heart(3 weeks), upper limbs (4 weeks), eyes (4 weeks), lower limbs (4 weeks), ears (4 weeks), teeth ( basically 7 weeks), palate ( 7 weeks), external genitalia (7 weeks)

what does maternal nutrition influence

schizophrenia and antosocial personality disordre

Teratogens

Substances hat interfere with develpment and can cause birth defects

Teratogen examples

Viruses, prescription drugs (zoloft, prozac), alcohol, nicotine

temperment

the based tendancy to behave in particular ways from very early life

personality

the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual

pruning

degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience

When does the brains growth slow down

by the age of six, then after adolenscence

sensorimotor stage

object permanence, ages 0-2, infants learn the world by using senses and moving, Jean Piaget helped a lot with that information

Preoperational stage

2-5 years old, symbolic thought, animistic thinking, Egocentrism, conservation

animistic thinking

The thought that inanimate objects are alive

egocentrism

you cant see from someone elses perspective

conservation

the amount or quantity does not change depending on the shape

concrete operational stage

age 6-11, limitations of preoperational stage are overcome, child can preform mental operations, trouble with abstract ideas, and reasoning

Formal operational stage

ages 12+, reasoning about concepts and problems becomes possible, lev vygotsky helped a lot, had the circle of things i can and cant do

theory of mind

the capacity to understand others mental states

preconventional level

avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards

conventional level

valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lwfulness

postconventional level

universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules

3 catagoreis of infant temperament

easy child (40%)

difficult child (10%)

slow-to-warm(15%)

35% of children do not fall in these catagories

imprinting

occurs in lower animals(not humans), animals usually make a strong bond with the first animal it meets

attatchment

emotional connection between infant and his/her cargiver

separation anxiety

infants usually exhibit fear, concern, and worry when the caregiver is not around

secure attatchment

happy connection and evident warmth

insecure attachment

avoidant - absense of obvious distress during separation

resistant - difficulty being comforted and may activley resist contact with parent

disorganized/disoriented - inconsistant behaviors, and demonstrats possible fear of the parent

social referencing

infants get references of how they act and react to certain situaitons

emotional competence

the ability to control emotions and know when its is apporpriate to express certain emotions

menarche

first menstrations

spermarche

first ejaculation

Erik eriksons stages of development

infant - 18 months - trust vs mistrust

18 months - 3 years - autonomy vs shame and doubt

3-5 years - initiative vs guilt

5-13 years - industry vs inferiority

13-21 years - indentity vs role confusion

21-39 years - intamancy vs isolation

40-65 - generativity vs stagnation

65+ - ego integrity vs despair

emerging adulthood issues

career identity

sexual identity

ethnic identity

carl Jung

confronting the unfulfilled parts of personality, individuation

individuation

Carl Jungs thought of the process of a persons personality becoming whole and full

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

5 stages of loss

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Consciousness

Awareness of ones surroundings and whats in ones mind at a given moment

wakefulness

a individuals degree of alertness, determines being awake from asleep

awareness

Monitoring of information from the environment and ones own thoughts

Freud’s preconciousness

Latent parts of the brain that are readily available to the conciouse mind, although not currently in use

tip of the tongue phenomenon

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form

Flow

state of involvment during which one loses sense of time and may forget where they are

Attention

the limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control

selective attention

ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others

inattentionaly blindness

when a person fails to perceive a stimulus in plain sight (hearing what you want ot hear)

sustained attention

ability to maintain focused awareness ona target or idea

multitasking

the ability to rapidly switch from one task to another

mindfulness meditation

encourages attention to details of immediate experience

effects of sleep deprivation

irratability, memory loss, paranoia, mood issues, visual problems, hallucination

What waves are present when were awake

Beta waves

what waves are pesent when were drowsy but still awake

Alpha waves

what waves are present during non-Rem sleep

delta and theta waves

durring n1-n3

Functions of sleep

to restore nerual growth, to consolidate memory, to produce enzymes that protect against cellular damage

dreams

images, thoughs and feelings experienced during sleep

manifest level

the surface level of dreams, recalled upon waking

latent level

the deeper unconscious level of dreams where their meaning is found

AIM

consciousness has three biologically based dimension, Activation, input, and mode

Hypnosis

state characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior

stroop effect

delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ

tollerance

the need to consume increasing amounts to get the same desired effect

hallucinations

convincing sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulus

addiction

a condition of habitual use of physical and psychological dependence on a substance

depresents

sedatives, opiods, alchohol

sedatives

barbituates, benzodiazepines, and tranquilizers

opiods

opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone

sitmulants

caffine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, exstasy

hallucinogens

maijuana, LSD, shrooms(psilocybin)

synesthesia

someone who experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated (smelling colors)

memory

the ability to store information and what you’ve remembered

sensory memory

holds informaiton for 2-3 seconds, perceved through memory

iconic and echoic

Iconic memory

Brief visual record left on the retina of the eye (sparkler lines)

Echoic memory

short term retention of sounds (fire alarm noise after the alarm is off

working memory / Short term

required to attend and solve a problem at hand (used interchangebly with short-term memory) 5-9 units of information

chunking

breaking down a list of items into a smaller set of meaningful units

short term memory funcitons

attending, storing, rehersing

serial position effect

your can remmber the beginning and the end of a sequence better than the middle

Long term memory

emotional memories that are eaiser to recal, flashbulb memories, Implicit and explicit

Implicit memory

"knowing how”, procedural memory (retrieving memory to preform skills) , priming (previous stimuli influence reaction to next stimuli) , things we dont intentionally memorize

Explicit memory

“knowing that”, semantic (memory incorporated with recalling words) , episodic (being able to remembers complete experience)

Encoding

the brain tuning into, taking in, and integrating, new information's

automatic processing

encoding with little effort or attention

effortful processing

encoding with careful attention and conscious effort

consolidation

establishing, stabilizing or solidifying a memory

storage

the retention of memory over time

hierarchies

ways of connecting related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general

associative network

a chain of associations between related concepts

retrieval

the recovery of information stored in memory

flashbulb memory

a detailed snapshot of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged

Anterograde

inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of disease

retrograde

inability to recall events or experienes that happened before the onset of disease or injury

cerebellum and stiatum

implicit procedural memory

amygdala

emotional memory

hippocampus

explicit declarative memory

what did Donald Hebb study

Long-term potentiation - Strengthening of a synaptic connections occurs when one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

what did eric kandel study

conversion from short term memory to long term memory requires spaced repetition

interference

disruption of memory due to the presence of competeing information