Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

DHN 212

yes

do sugar and starch have same caloric value per gram?

yes

do you have to eat carbs to survive?

glucose

what is the foundation carbohydrate?

glucose

green plants make ___________ through photosynthesis.

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

carbohydrates are made of ___________,__ _________, and__ ________-.

simple carb

simple based on its chemical structure

monosaccharide, disaccharide

what are the simple carbs?

monosaccharide

has one sugar unit

disaccharide

has 2 sugar until

starch, glycogen, dietary fiber

what are the complex carbs?

true

T/F: carbs are organic

glucose

most common monosaccharide

quick

glucose provides _________ energy.

fructose

fruit sugar; occurs mostly in fruit, honey, and part of table sugar

galactose

part of milk sugar

does not

galactose __________ occur naturally in nature.

glucose, fructose, galactose

wha are the 3 monosaccharides?

one

mono means

two

di means

many

poly means

c6h12o6

the chemical formula of glucose is _________

linear, ring

glucose can be in a ________ __shape, or a__ ___________ shape.

Disaccharide

Two sugar units

Sucrose

Table sugar

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose = ______

Lactose

Milk sugar

Lactose

Glucose + galactose = ________

Maltose

Malt sugar

Maltose

Glucose + glucose = _______

Starch, glycogen

Maltose is formed through the breakdown of _______ __and__ __________.

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

List the three disaccharides

Sucrose

What is the most commonly consumed carbohydrate in the U.S?

High fructose corn syrup

Made from the processing of corn; contains about 50% fructose

Fructose, glucose

HFCS is 50% ________ __and 50%__ ____________.

Sucrose

HFCS is very similar to __________ in its makeup.

Farm bill

Pays a set price (subsidizes) farmers who grow corn

32

We eat about ________tsp of sugar every day.

10

We should eat about ________tsp of sugar or less per day.

Alternative sweeteners

Synthetic compound that is kcal free; elicit intense sweet taste

Alternative sweeteners

Aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose are examples of ________________.

No

Are alternative sweeteners healthier than sugar?

Equal and nutrasweet

What alternative sweeteners have aspartame?

Sweet n low

What alternative sweetener has saccharin?

Splenda

What alternative sweetener has sucralose?

In moderation yes

Are alternative sweeteners safe?

Polysaccharides

Many sugar units

Starch, glycogen, dietary fiber

List the three polysaccharides

Starch

Polysaccharides only found in plant foods

Glycogen

Polysaccharide only found in animal foods

Amylose

Linear chain of starch

Amylopectin

Branched chain of starch

Amylose, amylopectin

What determines texture of starch?

Glycogen

How humans and animals store carbohydrates

Starch

Amylose + amylopectin= ________

Glycogen

Highly branched chain of glucose molecules

Dietary fiber

Nondigestable plane material

Humans lack to enzyme to break apart bonds

Why is dietary fiber insolvable to humans?

Solvable, insoluble

Foods are composed of two types of fiber: _______ __and__ __________.

Pectin, gum

List two examples of soluble fiber

Cellulose, hemicellulose

List two examples of insoluble fiber

Alpha-glycosidic bond

What is an example of a. Digestible bond in starch?

Beta-glycosidic bond

What is an example of a nondigestable bond in fiber?

Delayed stomach emptying, slows glucose absorption, may lower blood cholesterol levels

Health effect of soluble fiber (3):

Increases feel bulk, speeds passage through GIT

Health effects of insoluble fiber (2):

Reduces risk of diabetes, promote optimal body weight, reduce risk of heart disease, promote healthy GIT, reduce risk of colon cancer

Health effects of both soluble and insoluble fiber (5):

Insoluble

If someone is constipated, you recommend _________ fiber.

Soluble

If someone has diarrhea, you recommend __________ fiber.

Speeds up, slows down

Insoluble fiber _______ __the GIT, while__ soluble fiber __________ the GIT.

25

Women should consume _________g of fiber per day.

38

Men should consume ___________g of fiber per day.

Yes

Can you eat too much fiber?

Block intestine, decrease mineral absorption, flatulence

What are the side effects of too much fiber (3)?

Start slow, drink water, know your body

What are the 3 ways to help when increasing fiber intake?

5

You should increase fiber intake by ______g at a time.

Complex simple carbs, disaccharides, monosaccharides

List the chain of digestion of carbs:

__________ __and__ _______ __to__ ____________, then__ ____________, and then absorbed.

Salivary amylase

Breaks down starch

Fiber

_______ delays stomach emptying.

Pancreatic amylase

Breaks starch down to disaccharides

Small intestine

Carbs are broken into monosaccharides in the __________________.

Intestinal

_________ cells can absorb monosaccharides.

Maltose

Pancreatic amylase cannot break down ______________.

Maltase

Enzyme that breaks apart maltose in the small intestine

Sucrase

Breaks down sucrose in small intestine

Lactase

Breaks down lactose in small intestine

Fiber, resistant starches

_______ __and__ ___________ enter the large intestine unchanged.

Fermentation of fiber

Byproducts = gas + short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

Gas, SCFA

The byproducts of fiber fermentation are (2):

Yes

Can SCFA be absorbed in the colon?

Hepatic portal vein, liver

Glucose, fructose, and galactose travel though the bloodstream, then to the ___________ __to the__ ______________.

Liver, glucose

In the ___________, galactose and fructose are converted to__ _________.

Lactose intolerance

Inability to digest lactose; lack lactase

Lactase

If you are lactose intolerant, you lack ___________.

20-40

____-____ millions Americans are lactose intolerant

Lactose-free products, small amounts of foods that contain lactose, enzyme pills

What is the treatment for lactose intolerance (3):

Nausea, abdominal pain, gad, diarrhea

What are the common symptoms of lactose intolerance (4):

Yes

Is there a genetic component to lactose intolerance?

No

If yo don’t consume lactose, you are making ________ lactase.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose level

Hyperglycemia

High blood glucose level

Up

The blood glucose goes _______ after eating carbohydrates.