Anatomy Lab Midterm

In the anatomical position, the body is

erect

In the anatomical position the feet are

slightly apart

In the anatomical position, the palms are

anterior

In the anatomical position. the thumbs are

lateral

superior/ inferior

above and below

anterior/ posterior

front and back

medial/ lateral

toward midline and away from midline

proximal/ distal

closer to trunk and away from trunk

superficial/ deep

towards outer surface and towards interior

dorsal/ ventral

backside and belly side

cranial/ caudal

towards head and tail

sagittal plane divides body into

left and right

midsagittal

runs along midline; divides body into equal halves

parasagittal

line results in unequal halves

frontal plane divides body into

anterior and posterior

transverse plane divides body into

superior and inferior

oblique section

diagonal between horizontal and vertical planes

supine

lying face up

prone

lying face down

lateral position

lying on one’s side

Trendelenburg position

lying supine with feet elevated

fowler’s position

lying supine with head elevated

dorsal body cavities include

cranial and vertebral cavity

cranial cavity protects

brain

vertebral cavity protects

spinal column

ventral body cavity houses

viscera

2 major ventral body cavities are separated by

diaphragm

thoracic cavity surrounded by

ribs and chest muscles

abdominal cavity includes

stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

pelvic cavity includes

bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

oral (anterior body landmark)

mouth

orbital (anterior body landmark)

eye

buccal (anterior body landmark)

cheek

cervical (anterior body landmark)

neck

thoracic (anterior body landmark)

chest

axillary (anterior body landmark)

armpit

brachial (anterior body landmark)

arm

antebrachial (anterior body landmark)

forearm

antecubital (anterior body landmark)

anterior surface of elbow

abdominal (anterior body landmark)

anterior body trunk/ stomach region

umbilical (anterior body landmark)

bellybutton

inguinal (anterior body landmark)

where thigh meets body trunk

pubic (anterior body landmark)

genital area

femoral (anterior body landmark)

thigh

patellar (anterior body landmark)

kneecap

digital (anterior body landmark)

fingers or toes

hallux (anterior body landmark)

big toe

pollex (anterior body landmark)

thumb

occipital (posterior body landmark)

posterior base of skull

deltoid (posterior body landmark)

curve of shoulder (acromial)

scapular (posterior body landmark)

shoulder blade

lumbar (posterior body landmark)

lower back

gluteal (posterior body landmark)

buttocks

popliteal (posterior body landmark)

back of knee

sural (posterior body landmark)

calf

calcaneal (posterior body landmark)

heel of foot

what lines make up the four quadrant method

one midsagittal line an done transverse line through bellybutton

where are the two parasagittal lines of the nine region method

midclavicular: thru center of clavicles and thru nipples

where are the two transverse lines of the nine region method

hypochondriac line at inferior border or ribcage and iliac crest line at superior border or pubic bone

what kind of epithelium is this

simple squamous

where can simple squamous cells be found

air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

what is function of simple squamous cells

allows material to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and secretes lubricating substance

what kind of epithelium is this

simple cuboidal

where are simple cuboidal cells found

in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

what are the function of simple cuboidal cells

secrete and absorb

what kind of epithelium is this

simple columnar

where are simple columnar cells found

ciliated are in bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus; smooth are in digestive tract and bladder

what is the function of simple columnar cells

absorb, secrete mucous and enzymes

what kind of epithelium is this

pseudostratified columnar

where can pseudostratified columnar cells be found

line trachea and much of upper respiratory tract

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar cells

secret mucus

what kind of epithelium is this

stratified squamous

where can stratified squamous cells found

lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina

what is function of stratified squamous cells

protect against abrasion

what kind of epithelium is this

transitional

where can transitional epithelium be found

line bladder, urethra, and uterers

what is the function of transitional epithelium

allow urinary organs to expand and stretch

plasma membrane that encloses cells is

phospholipid bilayer

plasma membrane is ___ to allow fluid/ particles to transport in and out of cells

permeable

cell is selective about what comes in and out which makes it

selectively permeable

two types of transport in and out of cell

active and passive

active transport

energy required; ATP used to transport particle against concentration gradient

passive transport

no energy required; movement facilitated by concentration or pressure gradients

filtration occurs across capillary walls due to

pressure gradients

diffusion

movement of molec from area of high conc to low conc

goal of diffusion

equilibrium

simple diffusion

passage of nonpolar and lipid-soluble particles

facilitated diffusion

molec binds to protein carrier molc in plasma membrane or passes thru protein channels

what molec pass through cell membrane using facilitated diffusion

glucose, simple sugars, and large molec

what is the limitation of facilitated diffusion

maximum rate of transport due to finite number or carrier proteins

dialysis is diffusion of

water and solutes through membranes

osmosis is diffusion of

water through membranes

what is the principle of osmotic drag

water will follow solute

isotonic solution

has same conc of solute both in and out of cell; no net movement

hypertonic solution

solution surrounding cell has greater solute than cell

if enviro surrounding cell is hypertonic, then cell is

hypotonic

when the cell shrinks or shrivel due to loss of water in hypertonic solution

crenation

hypotonic solution

surrounding solution contains less solute than cell

if solution is hypotonic, then cell is

hypertonic

what can happen to cell if solution is hypotonic

cell can lyse (burst)