Movement: Basal ganglia, cerebellum

Deep nuclei of cerebellum

Dentate, interposed, fastigial. Receive and correct movement - often send info back to source.

Peduncles of cerebellum

Connect to the pons to attach cerebellum to brain, carry tracts into and out of cerebellum. Superior, middle, inferior.

Three regions of cerebellum

Cerebro: lateral, spino: vermis, vestibulo: flocculonodular lobe

Pathway of cerebrocerebellum (complex motor planning)

Cortex, pontite nucleus, middle peduncle, cerebro, dentate nucleus, superior, premotor cortex

Pathway of spinocerebellum (muscle movement)

Spinal cord, inferior peduncle, spino, interposed and fastigial nuclei, superior, motor cortex

Pathway of vestibulocerebellum (balance, posture)

Vestibular nuclei of brainstem, inferior peduncle, vestibulo, back to vestibular nuclei via inferior, LMN

Internal capsule

Motor and sensory tract: UMNs from motor cortex, i.e. corticospinal and corticobulbar tract.

Layout of both BG pathways

Caudate, putamen, (GPE, subthalamic nuclei), GPI, thalamus, cortex. E, I, I, E, I, E

Nigro-striatal pathway

Dopaminergic neurons synapse to striatum. D1 excitatory receptors increase direct pathway inhibitory input to GPE/I - inhibits GPI so it sends less inhibitory input to thalamus. 

D2 inhibitory receptors increase indirect pathway effects - inhibits inhibitory pathway from putamen to GPE, so GPE inhibits subthalamic nuclei more, so subthalamic nuclei

Basal ganglia disease

Hypokinetic effects: akinesia, bradykinesia.

Hyperkinetic effects: ballism, dystonia, tremors

Cerebellum disease

Cerebellar ataxia: unable to correct movements, jerky and imprecise