lecture exam 1 (sep 12)

__**The term that refers to the ability of all organisms to react to changes in the environment is:**__

A.

responsiveness.

B.

reproduction.

C.

metabolism.

D.

development.

E.

organization.   

responsiveness

phospholipid **____** = polar

head

phospholipid _____ = non polar

tail

__**Nutrients and oxygen are distributed through the body mainly by the ____ system.**__ 

A.

cardiovascular. 

B.

endocrine.

C.

integumentary.

D.

skeletal.

cardiovascular

__**Which of the following factors of the internal environment is NOT homeostatically maintained?**__ 

A.

its concentration of nutrient molecules. 

B.

its concentration of nitrogen gas, of which 80% of the atmospheric air is composed. 

C.

its concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 

D.

its pH. 

E.

its temperature.

its concentration of nitrogen gas, of which 80% of the atmospheric air is composed

Which type of regulatory mechanism is the most common in maintaining homeostasis? 

A.

 intrinsic

B.

 negative feedback

C.

 positive feedback

D.

feed forward

negative feedback

__**The last component of the homeostatic control mechanism, which brings about change is the:**__

A.

control center.

B.

stimulus.  

C.

effector.

D.

receptor. 

effector

__Which of the following statements accurately describes electrons?__

A.

 They are found inside the nucleus and have a positive charge.

B.

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a positive charge.

C.

They are found inside the nucleus and have a negative charge.

D.

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge. 

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge.

__An element's atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.__

\
A.

 protons

B.

nuclei

C.

electrons

D.

 neutron 

protons

__In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride:__ 

A.

a chlorine atom donates an electron to a sodium atom.

B.

a chloride ion donates two protons to a sodium ion.

C.

 a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

D.

a sodium ion donates two electrons to a chlorine atom.

E.

the sodium and chlorine atoms share a pair of electrons equally.

sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

__Compared to a solution with a pH of 7, a solution with a pH of 4 is:__ 

A.

 more acidic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

B.

more acidic and has a 300-fold increase in \[H+\].

C.

more basic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

D.

more basic and has a 300-fold increase in \[H+\].

E.

more basic and has a 300-fold decrease in \[H+\].   

more acidic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

__6 levels of organization__

* ______
* cellular
* _______
* organ
* organ system
* _________

chemical;tissue;organism

Keeping a stable internal environment in response to changes is….

homeostasis

__Factors that must be__ __**homeostatically controlled**__


1. _____ molecules concentration
2. o2 and co2 concentration
3. _____ product concentration
4. water, salt, electrolyte concentration
5. pH
6. _____ and pressure
7. temp

nutrient;waste;volume

_*3 main parts of_* __**homeostatic control**__


1. ______
2. ____ ____
3. effector

receptor;control center

homeostatic control, **receptor** (1)

* Cells that ______ change/stimuli

detect

homeostatic control, **control center** (2)

* Process stimuli and _____ a response

decides

homeostatic control, **effector** (3)

* muscle/glands/organ that ______ the response

produces

_______ feedback mechanism

* response = opposite of stimuli

negative

positive feedback mechanism

* ______ an initial response
* When you get a cut, platelets keep coming and this signals **even more** platelets to come

amplifies

an **atom** is the….

___ ______unit of an element, the nucleus has its protons and ________. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons in its shells.

smallest;neutrons

**Ion** is an…

Electrically ______ element that is caused by the loss or gain of ________.

charged;electrons

**Cation** is….

* ______ charged element
* caused when theirs a ____ of electrons

positively;loss

**Anion** is

* _______ charged element
* caused when theirs a ____ of electrons

negatively;gain

**Subatomic particles** are structures that make up an _____

* there are 3 types: protons, neutrons, and _______

atom;electrons

**Protons (+)**

* Tells you what the _____ NUMBER

ATOMIC

Neutrons (0)

* P + N = ______ NUMBER

MASS

Electrons (-)

* Originally, # of electrons = # of _____

Protons

**Isotopes**….

* Originally, ALL elements have the same # of protons and _____…..
* its the number of ______ that changes…..
* this affects the ______ NUMBER

electrons;neutrons;MASS

In Carbon-12 and Carbon-14, # 12 and 14 are variations of carbon _______

isotopes

Carbon-12 has….

__ Protons

and

__ Neutrons

6;6

Carbon-14 has….

__ Protons

and

__ Neutrons

6;8

**Atomic number**….

* tells you the number of ______

\

protons

**Mass number…**

* tells you the number of protons PLUS _____

neutrons

Atoms can fulfill Octet Rule by _____ with other molecules

bonding

**COVALENT BONDS**

* 2 or more atoms share _____ to achieve stable electron configuration

electrons

Electron shell configuration

2

_

_

2

8;8

**Nonpolar covalent bonds**

* Electrons are shared _____

equally

***_______*** **covalent bonds**

* Electrons are shared unequally

polar

**Ionic bonding**

* atoms with _______ charged ions are attracted to each other
* they will either **_____** an electron to this other atom or receive and electron

oppositely;donate

* **Electronegative** is an atom that has a ______ attachment of electrons.
* _______, nitrogen, fluorine

stronger;oxygen

In covalent bonds, the atom with more electronegativity will attract _____ electrons

more

**Hydrogen bonds** are ____ bonds between 2 polar molecules

weak

WEAK **hydrogen bonds** are GOOD because they help create certain _______ between 2 ______ molecules that couldn’t otherwise take place if it weren’t for the weak bond.

interactions;polar

**__________** is the reason why we have the special properties of water (5)

hydrogen bonds

What are the 5 **special properties of water**?


1. water has ______
2. water has adhesion
3. water stabilizes _________
4. water is an excellent _______
5. water reduces _________

cohesion;temperature;solvent;friction

1st special property of water = water has ______

* This is how you are able to ____ on water

cohesion;float

3rd special property of water = water stabilizes _________

* Water can absorb and _____ a lot of heat energy without getting too hot
* This is why water has a _____ boiling point

tempature;store;high

4th special property of water = water is an excellent _____

* This is why we can mix water with kool-aid packets
* kool-aid is a _____
* It is also _____ molecule
* This **mixing** of solutions is _____

solvent;solute;polar;hydrophilic

4th special property of water = water is an excellent solvent

* ______ molecules dissolved by water are hydrophilic
* water + _____
* ______ molecules that are **not** dissolved by water are hydrophobic
* water + _____

polar;sugar;nonpolar;oil

(SPW4) polar molecules = _______

hydrophilic

(SPW4) non polar molecules = _______

hydrophobic

TRUE/FALSE

* polar molecules MIX
* Nonpolar molecules DON’T mix

true

In pH scale…

* The more acidic the ____ \[H+\] ions
* The more basic the ____ \[H+\] ions

more;less

Stomach acid has ____ \[H+\] than household ammonia

more

pH measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution

* Acidic Solutions (pH ____ than 7)
* Neutral Solution (pH = 7)
* Basic Solutions (pH ____ than 7)

less;more

Buffers ____ the pH (acidity or alkalinity)

maintain

4 **complex organic molecules (polymers)**


1. lipids
2. _____
3. nucleic acids
4. _____

carbs;proteins

4 **monomers**


1. _____ acids
2. simple ______ (monosaccharides)
3. nucleotides
4. _____ acids

fatty;sugars;amino

__Match the monomer with its polymer__

* fatty acids = ______
* _______ = carbs
* nucleotides = ______
* ________ = proteins

lipids;simple sugars;nucleic acids;amino acids

Types of **chemical reactions**

* _________
* hydrolysis
* ___bolism
* synthesis
* _________
* ___bolism

decomposition;cata;dehydration;ana

**decomposition**

* ______ into its monomer
* reaction ______ energy

breaksdown;releases

**synthesis**

* build up into its polymer
* reaction ______ energy

stores

glucose molecules are broken down through a series of ________ reactions to produce energy in the form of ATP

decomposition

**saturated** fatty acids = ________

**unsaturated** fatty acids = _______

straight;bent

Unsaturated fatty acids = bent due to _____ covalent bond

double

unsaturated fatty acids are ______ for you

good

**_______ fatty acids** are found in butter and lard

Saturated

**_______ fatty acids** have **single** covalent bonds between carbon

**saturated**

**_______ fatty acids** are SOLID at room temperature

saturated

**_______ fatty acids** are found in oils

unsaturated

**_______ fatty acids** have DOUBLE carbon bonds

unsaturated

**_______ fatty acids** are LIQUID at room temperature

unsaturated

* Unsaturated FA are _____ at room temperature
* Saturated FA are _____ at room temp

liquid;solid

Lipids **don’t** mix with water (t/f)

true

phospholipids have a ______ head and ______ tails

hydrophilic;hydrophobic

phospholipids

steroids

eicosanoids

glycerides

fatty acids

components of a **nucleotide**


1. phosphate group
2. ______
3. _________ base

sugar;nitrogenous

types of nitrogenous bases


1. A
2. T
3. __
4. C
5. __

G;U

DNA and RNA use ________ bases

nitrogenous

DNA is found in _________ and the mitochondria

chromosomes

RNA is found in the ______ within the cytoplasm of the cell

nucleus

**Function of DNA**

* Stores genetic information that _____ protein synthesis

controls

**Function of RNA**

* performs ______ synthesis as directed by DNA

protein

**Phosphorylation**

* ________ phosphate to protein molecule

add

**_______** are enzymes that catalyze **phosphorylation**

kinase

**Dephosphorylation**

* ________ phosphate from protein molecules

remove

**Dephosphorylation** is catalyzed by enzymes called ______________

phosphatase

**levels of organization in polypeptide/**__**protein**__

* __Primary structure__ = ______ sequence of amino acids

\
* __Secondary__ = _____, sheat

\
* __tertiary__ = further folds (primary and secondary structure combined)

\
* __Quaternary__ = many polypeptides/_______

linear;helix;subunits

When protein structure **loses** shape (unraveled) it is **_________**


1. Can NOT go back to its shape, it has lost its function

denatured

______ work as **catalyst** that SPEED up chemical reactions

enzymes

**Enzyme’s active site**


1. Permits only 1 substrate to _____
2. Helps catalyze only 1 specific ______

bind;reaction

_______ = amphiphilic, both polar and nonpolar

phospholipid

**The phospholipids within the plasma membrane** 

A.

form a bilayer with the nonpolar tails buried in the center and the hydrophilic heads lined up on the outer and inner surfaces. 

B.

serve as a barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between the ICF and ECF. 

C.

contributes to fluidity of the membrane together with cholesterol. 

D.

all of these answers. 

all of these answers

____ are adhering junctions, ____ are communicating junctions, and ____ are impermeable junctions. 

desmosomes;gap junctions;tight junctions 

**Carrier-mediated transport**

\
A.

involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule.

B.

always moves substances against a concentration gradient.

C.

always requires energy expenditure.

D.

all of these answers.

involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule.