lecture exam 1 (sep 12)

__**The term that refers to the ability of all organisms to react to changes in the environment is:**__

A.

responsiveness.

B.

reproduction.

C.

metabolism.

D.

development.

E.

organization.   

responsiveness

phospholipid **____** = polar

head

phospholipid _____ = non polar

tail

__**Nutrients and oxygen are distributed through the body mainly by the ____ system.**__ 

A.

cardiovascular. 

B.

endocrine.

C.

integumentary.

D.

skeletal.

cardiovascular

__**Which of the following factors of the internal environment is NOT homeostatically maintained?**__ 

A.

its concentration of nutrient molecules. 

B.

its concentration of nitrogen gas, of which 80% of the atmospheric air is composed. 

C.

its concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 

D.

its pH. 

E.

its temperature.

its concentration of nitrogen gas, of which 80% of the atmospheric air is composed

Which type of regulatory mechanism is the most common in maintaining homeostasis? 

A.

 intrinsic

B.

 negative feedback

C.

 positive feedback

D.

feed forward

negative feedback

__**The last component of the homeostatic control mechanism, which brings about change is the:**__

A.

control center.

B.

stimulus.  

C.

effector.

D.

receptor. 

effector

__Which of the following statements accurately describes electrons?__

A.

 They are found inside the nucleus and have a positive charge.

B.

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a positive charge.

C.

They are found inside the nucleus and have a negative charge.

D.

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge. 

They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge.

__An element's atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.__

\
A.

 protons

B.

nuclei

C.

electrons

D.

 neutron 

protons

__In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride:__ 

A.

a chlorine atom donates an electron to a sodium atom.

B.

a chloride ion donates two protons to a sodium ion.

C.

 a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

D.

a sodium ion donates two electrons to a chlorine atom.

E.

the sodium and chlorine atoms share a pair of electrons equally.

sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.

__Compared to a solution with a pH of 7, a solution with a pH of 4 is:__ 

A.

 more acidic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

B.

more acidic and has a 300-fold increase in \[H+\].

C.

more basic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

D.

more basic and has a 300-fold increase in \[H+\].

E.

more basic and has a 300-fold decrease in \[H+\].   

more acidic and has a 1,000-fold increase in \[H+\].

6 levels of organization

• ______

• cellular

• _______

• organ

• organ system

• _________

chemical;tissue;organism

Keeping a stable internal environment in response to changes is….

homeostasis

Factors that must be homeostatically controlled

1. _____ molecules concentration

2. o2 and co2 concentration

3. _____ product concentration

4. water, salt, electrolyte concentration

5. pH

6. _____ and pressure

7. temp

nutrient;waste;volume

*3 main parts of* homeostatic control

1. ______

2. ____ ____

3. effector

receptor;control center

homeostatic control, **receptor** (1)

* Cells that ______ change/stimuli

detect

homeostatic control, **control center** (2)

* Process stimuli and _____ a response

decides

homeostatic control, **effector** (3)

* muscle/glands/organ that ______ the response

produces

_______ feedback mechanism

* response = opposite of stimuli

negative

positive feedback mechanism

• ______ an initial response

• When you get a cut, platelets keep coming and this signals even more platelets to come

amplifies

an **atom** is the….

___ ______unit of an element, the nucleus has its protons and ________. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons in its shells.

smallest;neutrons

**Ion** is an…

Electrically ______ element that is caused by the loss or gain of ________.

charged;electrons

Cation is….

• ______ charged element

• caused when theirs a ____ of electrons

positively;loss

Anion is

• _______ charged element

• caused when theirs a ____ of electrons

negatively;gain

**Subatomic particles** are structures that make up an _____

* there are 3 types: protons, neutrons, and _______

atom;electrons

**Protons (+)**

* Tells you what the _____ NUMBER

ATOMIC

Neutrons (0)

* P + N = ______ NUMBER

MASS

Electrons (-)

* Originally, # of electrons = # of _____

Protons

Isotopes….

• Originally, ALL elements have the same # of protons and _____…..

• its the number of ______ that changes…..

• this affects the ______ NUMBER

electrons;neutrons;MASS

In Carbon-12 and Carbon-14, # 12 and 14 are variations of carbon _______

isotopes

Carbon-12 has….

__ Protons

and

__ Neutrons

6;6

Carbon-14 has….

__ Protons

and

__ Neutrons

6;8

**Atomic number**….

* tells you the number of ______

\

protons

**Mass number…**

* tells you the number of protons PLUS _____

neutrons

Atoms can fulfill Octet Rule by _____ with other molecules

bonding

**COVALENT BONDS**

* 2 or more atoms share _____ to achieve stable electron configuration

electrons

Electron shell configuration

2

_

_

2

8;8

**Nonpolar covalent bonds**

* Electrons are shared _____

equally

***_______*** **covalent bonds**

* Electrons are shared unequally

polar

Ionic bonding

• atoms with _______ charged ions are attracted to each other

• they will either _____ an electron to this other atom or receive and electron

oppositely;donate

• Electronegative is an atom that has a ______ attachment of electrons.

• _______, nitrogen, fluorine

stronger;oxygen

In covalent bonds, the atom with more electronegativity will attract _____ electrons

more

**Hydrogen bonds** are ____ bonds between 2 polar molecules

weak

WEAK **hydrogen bonds** are GOOD because they help create certain _______ between 2 ______ molecules that couldn’t otherwise take place if it weren’t for the weak bond.

interactions;polar

**__________** is the reason why we have the special properties of water (5)

hydrogen bonds

What are the 5 special properties of water?

1. water has ______

2. water has adhesion

3. water stabilizes _________

4. water is an excellent _______

5. water reduces _________

cohesion;temperature;solvent;friction

1st special property of water = water has ______

* This is how you are able to ____ on water

cohesion;float

3rd special property of water = water stabilizes _________

• Water can absorb and _____ a lot of heat energy without getting too hot

• This is why water has a _____ boiling point

tempature;store;high

4th special property of water = water is an excellent _____

• This is why we can mix water with kool-aid packets

  • kool-aid is a _____

  • It is also _____ molecule

• This mixing of solutions is _____

solvent;solute;polar;hydrophilic

4th special property of water = water is an excellent solvent

• ______ molecules dissolved by water are hydrophilic

  • water + _____

• ______ molecules that are not dissolved by water are hydrophobic

  • water + _____

polar;sugar;nonpolar;oil

(SPW4) polar molecules = _______

hydrophilic

(SPW4) non polar molecules = _______

hydrophobic

TRUE/FALSE

• polar molecules MIX

• Nonpolar molecules DON’T mix

true

In pH scale…

• The more acidic the ____ [H+] ions

• The more basic the ____ [H+] ions

more;less

Stomach acid has ____ \[H+\] than household ammonia

more

pH measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution

• Acidic Solutions (pH ____ than 7)

• Neutral Solution (pH = 7)

• Basic Solutions (pH ____ than 7)

less;more

Buffers ____ the pH (acidity or alkalinity)

maintain

4 complex organic molecules (polymers)

1. lipids

2. _____

3. nucleic acids

4. _____

carbs;proteins

4 monomers

1. _____ acids

2. simple ______ (monosaccharides)

3. nucleotides

4. _____ acids

fatty;sugars;amino

Match the monomer with its polymer

• fatty acids = ______

• _______ = carbs

• nucleotides = ______

• ________ = proteins

lipids;simple sugars;nucleic acids;amino acids

Types of chemical reactions

• _________

• hydrolysis

• ___bolism

• synthesis

• _________

• ___bolism

decomposition;cata;dehydration;ana

decomposition

• ______ into its monomer

• reaction ______ energy

breaksdown;releases

synthesis

• build up into its polymer

• reaction ______ energy

stores

glucose molecules are broken down through a series of ________ reactions to produce energy in the form of ATP

decomposition

**saturated** fatty acids = ________

**unsaturated** fatty acids = _______

straight;bent

Unsaturated fatty acids = bent due to _____ covalent bond

double

unsaturated fatty acids are ______ for you

good

**_______ fatty acids** are found in butter and lard

Saturated

**_______ fatty acids** have **single** covalent bonds between carbon

**saturated**

**_______ fatty acids** are SOLID at room temperature

saturated

**_______ fatty acids** are found in oils

unsaturated

**_______ fatty acids** have DOUBLE carbon bonds

unsaturated

**_______ fatty acids** are LIQUID at room temperature

unsaturated

• Unsaturated FA are _____ at room temperature

• Saturated FA are _____ at room temp

liquid;solid

Lipids **don’t** mix with water (t/f)

true

phospholipids have a ______ head and ______ tails

hydrophilic;hydrophobic

phospholipids

steroids

eicosanoids

glycerides

fatty acids

components of a nucleotide

1. phosphate group

2. ______

3. _________ base

sugar;nitrogenous

types of nitrogenous bases

1. A

2. T

3. __

4. C

5. __

G;U

DNA and RNA use ________ bases

nitrogenous

DNA is found in _________ and the mitochondria

chromosomes

RNA is found in the ______ within the cytoplasm of the cell

nucleus

**Function of DNA**

* Stores genetic information that _____ protein synthesis

controls

**Function of RNA**

* performs ______ synthesis as directed by DNA

protein

**Phosphorylation**

* ________ phosphate to protein molecule

add

**_______** are enzymes that catalyze **phosphorylation**

kinase

**Dephosphorylation**

* ________ phosphate from protein molecules

remove

**Dephosphorylation** is catalyzed by enzymes called ______________

phosphatase

levels of organization in polypeptide/protein

• Primary structure = ______ sequence of amino acids

• Secondary = _____, sheat

• tertiary = further folds (primary and secondary structure combined)

• Quaternary = many polypeptides/_______

linear;helix;subunits

When protein structure **loses** shape (unraveled) it is **_________**


1. Can NOT go back to its shape, it has lost its function

denatured

______ work as **catalyst** that SPEED up chemical reactions

enzymes

Enzyme’s active site

1. Permits only 1 substrate to _____

2. Helps catalyze only 1 specific ______

bind;reaction

_______ = amphiphilic, both polar and nonpolar

phospholipid

**The phospholipids within the plasma membrane** 

A.

form a bilayer with the nonpolar tails buried in the center and the hydrophilic heads lined up on the outer and inner surfaces. 

B.

serve as a barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between the ICF and ECF. 

C.

contributes to fluidity of the membrane together with cholesterol. 

D.

all of these answers. 

all of these answers

____ are adhering junctions, ____ are communicating junctions, and ____ are impermeable junctions. 

desmosomes;gap junctions;tight junctions 

**Carrier-mediated transport**

\
A.

involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule.

B.

always moves substances against a concentration gradient.

C.

always requires energy expenditure.

D.

all of these answers.

involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule.