Anatomy test 3

connective tissue proper

classification of connective tissue; various cells and fibers; function in connection and protection

fluid connective tissue

classification of connective tissue; distinct cells in a watery substance; functions in transport; blood and lymph; watery matrix of dissolved proteins; carry specific cell types (formed elements)

supporting connective tissue

classification of connective tissue; dense matrix; tightly packed fibers; provides structural strength; supports soft tissues and body weight; includes cartilage and bone

loose connective tissue

part of the connective tissue proper; more ground substance and fewer fibers; ex. fat (adipose tissue); the "packing materials" of the body (fills spaces, cushions & stabilizes cells, supports epithelia); the three types in adults are areolar, adipose, and reticular

dense connective tissue

part of the connective tissue proper; more fibers and less ground substance; ex. tendons; tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers

areolar tissue

type of loose connective tissue; allows for movement and cushioning; least specialized (open framework, viscous ground substance, all 3 fibers); ex. holds blood vessels, under skin (subcutaneous layer)

adipose tissue

type of loose connective tissue; contains many adipocytes (fat cells); stores fat, absorbs shock, slows heat loss (insulation); adipocytes in adults do not divide (expand to store fat and shrink as fat is released)

mesenchymal cells

produce more fat cells when more storage is needed

reticular tissue

loose connective tissue; provides network for functional cells (parenchyma); complex, three-dimensional network; reticular fibers; specialized cells; found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow

dense regular connective tissue

type of dense connective tissue; tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; ex. tendons and ligaments

tendons

attach muscles to bones

ligaments

connect bone to bone and stabilize organs

dense irregular connective tissue

interwoven networks of collagen fibers; layered in skin; around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum); form capsules around some organs; provides strength and support

elastic tissue

type of dense connective tissue; made of elastic fibers; provides flexibility and resilience

blood

fluid connective tissue; watery matrix called plasma; formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

red blood cells

aka erythrocytes; transport oxygen

white blood cells

aka leukocytes; defend against infection

platelets

cell fragments; clot broken vessels

lymph

type of fluid connective tissue; collects extracellular fluid; monitored by immune system; lymphocytes are abundant; mixes nutrients and wastes; returns to veins

cardiovascular system

part of the fluid tissue transport system; includes arteries, capillaries, and veins

lymphatic (lymphoid) system

part of the fluid tissue transport system; includes the lymphatic vessels

arteries

transport blood from the heart to the body; usually oxygenated (except from the heart to the lungs)

capillaries

network between arteries and veins

veins

transport blood from the body to the heart; usually unoxygenated (except from the lungs to the heart)

cartilage

gel-type ground substance; provides shock absorption and protection; no blood vessels; chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor

bone

calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals); provides weight support

cartilage matrix

part of the cartilage; composed of proteoglycans (proteins + polysaccharides) and collagen

chondrocytes

cartilage cells; embedded in cartilage matrix (in a lacuna); make and maintain the matrix; derived from chondroblasts (immature cells that make the matrix)

perichondrium

membrane that covers the cartilage; outer, fibrous layer (for strength); inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)

interstitial growth

cartilage growth from within

hyaline cartilage

type of cartilage; stiff, flexible support; reduces friction between bones; found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea

elastic cartilage

type of cartilage; supportive but bends easily; found in external ear and epiglottis

fibrocartilage

type of cartilage; limits movement; prevents bone-to-bone contact; found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs; pads knee joints

bone (osseous) tissue

type of tissue with a strong, flexible matrix; strong calcium deposits; flexible collagen fibers

bone cells (osteocytes)

cells within the matrix; arranged around central canals (with blood vessels); small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply

membranes

line or cover portions of the body; provides a physical barrier; consists of epithelium and is supported by connective tissue

mucous membranes

aka mucosae; line passageways with external connections (ex. digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts); epithelial surfaces must be moist; reduce friction; function in absorption and excretion

serous membranes

line internal passageways; cover organs; delicate; produce serous fluid (which reduces friction)

pleura

serous membranes that surrounds the lungs

pericardium

serous membrane that surrounds the heart

peritoneum

serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity; lines the abdominal organs

cutaneous membrane

aka skin; covers the outer surface of the body; thick, waterproof, and dry

synovial membranes

line joint cavities; protects the ends of bones; produces synovial fluid (lubricant); lacks true epithelium

fasciae (fascia)

framework of connective tissue; supports/surrounds organs; separates tissue layers (superficial, deep, and subserous)

muscle tissue

tissue that is specialized for contraction; responsible for all body movement

skeletal muscle tissue

type of muscle tissue that is responsible for movement

cardiac muscle tissue

type of muscle tissue that is found only in the heart

smooth muscle tissue

type of muscle tissue that is found in walls of hollow, contracting organs, blood vessels, the urinary bladder, and in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

striated

muscle cells with a banded appearance; patterns of microfilaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin)

nonstriated

muscle cells without a banded appearance; smooth

skeletal muscle cells

type of muscle cells that are long and thin; multinucleate; striated; voluntarily controlled; do not divide; produced by myosatellite stem cells

cardiac muscle cells

type of muscle cells; aka cardiocytes; most have one nucleus; striated; involuntarily controlled; form branching networks connected at intercalated disks (cell junctions); regulated by pacemaker cells (specialized cardiocytes)

smooth muscle cells

type of muscle cells that are small and tapered; nonstriated; actin and myosin are organized differently; involuntarily controlled; can contract without nervous system input; contain a single nucleus; can divide and regenerate

neural (nervous) tissue

conducts electrical impulses; rapidly senses environment; processes information; controls responses; concentrated in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

neurons

nerve cells; perform electrical communication

neuroglia

supporting cells; repair and supply nutrients to neurons

cell body

part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and nucleolus

dendrites

short branches of the neuron cell that extends from the cell body; receives incoming signals

axon (nerve fiber)

long, thin extensions of the neuron cell body; carries outgoing electrical signals

inflammation

the first response to injury; symptoms include swelling, redness, heat, and pain; can be triggered by trauma (physical injury) or infection (harmful pathogens)

prostoglandins, proteins, and potassium ions

What kind of chemical signals are released by damaged cells into the surrounding interstitial fluid?

necrosis

tissue destruction

pus

cellular debris

abscess

pus trapped in an enclosed area

histamine

released by mast cells during inflammation; increases blood vessel permeability

heparin

released by mast cells during inflammation; prevents blood clotting

prostaglandins

released by mast cells during inflammation; stimulates vasodilation

vasodilation

increases blood circulation in the area; causes warmth and redness; brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area; brings leukocytes; removes wastes

scar tissue

created by fibroblasts laying down collagen fibers

yes

do epithelia and connective tissues regenerate?

no

do cardiac cells and neurons regenerate?

integument

largest organ system; 16% of body weight; composed of the cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, nerves, etc.)

outer epidermis

part of the cutaneous membrane; superficial epithelium

inner dermis

part of the cutaneous membrane; connective tissues

epidermis

avascular stratified squamous epithelium; nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in dermis; keratinocytes are the most abundant cells

keratinocytes

most abundant cells in the epidermis; contain large amounts of keratin (a fibrous structural protein that provides strength and toughness)

thin skin

covers most of the body; 4 layers of keratinocytes; part of the epidermis

thick skin

covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; part of the epidermis; 5 layers of keratinocytes

stratum basale

first strata of keratinocytes in thick skin; many stem cells are called basal cells; forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis; attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes; increases the area of basement membrane; strengthens attachment between the epidermis and dermis

epidermal ridges

folds of stratum basale

dermal papillae

mounds of dermis

merkel cells

specialized cell of the stratum basale; in hairless skin; tactile cells; detect touch

melanocytes

specialized cell of the stratum basale; contain the pigment melanin; scattered throughout the stratum basale

stratum spinosum

second strata of keratinocytes in thick skin; aka the "spiny layer"; produced by division of stratum basale; continues to divide; 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes; chemicals shrink cytoplasm and cytoskeletons stick out (spiny); contains langerhans cells

langerhans cells

immune cells found within the stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

third strata of keratinocytes in thick skin; aka "grainy layer"; cells stop dividing and start producing keratin and keratohyalin; plasma membranes thicken; dehydrate and die (nuclei and organelles disintegrate)

keratin

tough fibrous protein found in skin

keratohyalin

dense granules; dehydrates the cell; cross-link keratin fibers

stratum lucidum

fourth strata of keratinocytes in thick skin; aka the "clear layer"; found only in thick skin; glassy; dead and dehydrating

stratum corneum

fifth strata of keratinocytes in thick skin; aka the "horn layer"; exposed surface of skin; 15-30 layers of keratinized cells; water resistant; shed and replaced every two weeks

keratinization

formation of layer of dead cells filled with keratin; occurs on all exposed surfaces except for the eyes; skin life cycle from the stratum basale to stratum corneum lasts 7-10 days and stays as the stratum corneum for about 14 days

carotene

most apparent in light-skinned people; orange-yellow pigment; can be converted to vitamin A

melanin

most important pigment; yellow-brown to black pigment; protects skin from UV radiation damage; produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale; stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes), transferred to keratinocytes, and then the vesicles are destroyed by lysosomes

cyanosis

bluish skin tint; severe reduction in blood flow; lack of oxygenation

jaundice

yellowing of skin; caused by excess bile in the liver

Addison's disease

disease of the pituitary gland; stimulates melanin production

vitiligo

disease of the pituitary gland; loss of melanocytes

vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

produced as a result of UV radiation to epidermal cells; liver and kidneys convert this into calcitriol; insufficiency of this can cause rickets

calcitriol

aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus

rickets

abnormal bone development