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Where does enteric bacteria live
large intestine
What do enteric bacteria do
ferment sugars to a variety of end products
Proteus
genus containing rapidly motile cells; capable of swarming, capable of moving
What are 2 examples of gram positive firmicutes
bacilli and clostridia
What is the transmission of foodborne pathogens
oral route
What are 3 contamination routes of foodborne pathogens
handling/processing, cross contamination and organism
What are 2 examples of diseases humans carry from foodborne pathogens
rotavirus and shigella
What are 2 examples of diseases animals carry from foodborne pathogens
Salmonella and E. Coli
What are the points of contamination in the food chain
on the farm/field, slaughter plant, during processing, point of sale and in the home
What do perishable foods have a higher count of
moisture
What causes a higher susceptibility to food spoilage
moisture content
How is microbial growth similar to bacterial growth
Follows the normal pattern of bacterial growth but food spoilage is observed during the last few population doubling
What are 3 methods for slowing food spoilage
pickling, heating and dehydration
Food poisoning
Disease that results from ingestion of foods containing preformed microbial toxins
Food infection
Microbial infection resulting from the ingestion of pathogen-contaminated food followed by growth of pathogen in the host
What is the difference between food poisoning and infection
poisoning occurs from toxins after the food is ingested and food infection occurs from toxins that were already in the food before ingestion
Who regulates and surveillances our food supply
CDC
What are exotoxins
proteins released from the pathogen cell as it grows
What are the three categories of exotoxins
cytolytic, AB and superantigen
What is staphylococcal food poisoning
Caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus
How many cases of staphylococcal food poisoning are there per year
185,000
What are 2 characteristics of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
soluble in water and over stimulates the immune system
What are 3 clinical signs of inhalation of staphylococcal food poisoning
chills, myalgia and high fever
What are 3 clinical signs of ingestion of staphylococcal food poisoning
Cramping, vomiting and nausea
What is different about clostridial food poisoning
It produces endospores that may not be killed during cooking/canning process
How many people suffer from Clostridial food poisoning each year
248,000
Botulism
a severe and often fatal food poisoning
What is the most common food botulism comes from
canned items
What are AB toxins
Work by binding to host cell receptor (B subunit) and transferring damaging agent (A subunit) across the cell membrane
What are 2 examples of AB toxins
Tetanus and botulinum
What are the 3 forms of botulism in humans
foodborne, wound and infant
What are 3 symptoms of Botulism in humans
paralysis, vomiting and diarrhea
What are 3 causes of botulism in animals
forage poisoning, contaminated feed and spoiled stores silage/grain
What are 2 examples of food infection
listeria and salmonella
What are most E. Coli
Non pathogenic
What are all pathogenic strains
intestinal parasites
What produces verotoxin
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli
Enterotoxigenic
From contaminated food and water and often affects infants and those traveling to other countries
Enteroinvasive
produces no toxins and enters the epithelial cells
Enteropathogenic
From contaminated food or water that has fecal matter in it
How many cases of salmonella are there per year
40,000-45,000
What 2 animals harbor salmonella
chickens and pigs
How does salmonella work
ingested in food or water invades phagocytes and grows as an intracellular pathogen
What are the top 3 salmonella carriers
turtles, chickens and dogs
What are 2 human transmissions of salmonella
fecal material from livestock or from contaminated items
What are 2 animal transmissions of salmonella
carried asymptomatically or vertical (mother gives to eggs)
What are 3 symptoms of acute enteritis in animals
diarrhea, dehydration and depression
Plasmids
genetic elements that replicate independently of the host chromosome
R Plasmids
Resistant plasmids; confer resistant to antibiotics and other growth inhibitors
What are 2 virulence factors in plasmids
enables pathogens to colonize and cause host damage
How do Protists spread
in foods contaminated by fecal matter in water used to wash, irrigate, or spray crops (typically fresh fruit)
Prions
Proteins that adopt novel conformations that inhibit normal protein function and cause degeneration of neural tissue
What is the most common source of infectious diseases
water
What are the 2 primary treatments for waste water purification
Screening and sedimentation
What are the steps in drinking water purification
Remove sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, chlorination and storage
What is the most commonly used method for testing drinking water
IDEXX Colilert
What are 2 waterborne microbial diseases
cholera and typhoid fever
What are the 2 common sources of waterborne disease transmission
potable water and recreational water
How is cholera transmitted
through ingestion of contaminated water
What disease is transmitted in aerosols
Legionellosis
Where is legionellosis commonly found
in terrestrial and aquatic habitats and cooling towers and evaporative condensers
What is the major difference between salmonella and E. Coli
you can catch E. coli from person to person contact but you can only get Salmonella from ingestion
What are sexually transmitted diseases caused by
Bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi
Where are the pathogens from STIs found
body fluids from the genitourinary tract that are exchanged during sexual activity
What are 3 sexually STIs
Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydiosis
How are STIs transmitted
Genitourinary tract
What two STIs are treatable
Gonorrhea and syphilis
What are the characteristics of Gonorrhea
its prevalent and often asymptomatic in women
What are the characteristics of syphilis
has low prevalence and exhibits very obvious symptoms
What does estrogen do
promotes motility of sperm and controls pH in the vaginal tract
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea in females
mild vaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and can cause sterility
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea in males
infection of the urethral canal
What are 3 key genera of spirochetes
Treponema, Borrelia and Spirochaeta
Where are spirochetes spread
aquatic environments and in animals (found in the rumen)
What is different about Leptospira and Leptonema
strictly anaerobic
Who are the natural hosts of Leptospira
rodents
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia
What is syphilis caused by
treponema pallidum
How is syphilis transmitted
at the same time as gonorrhea and from an infected woman to the fetus during pregnancy
What are the three stages of syphilis called
primary, secondary and tertiary
What is the leading sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia
What is the Chlamydia life cycle
Obligate intracellular bacteria, elementary body (infectious and survives for months in environment) and reticulate body (non-infectious)
What is different about Chlamydia
remains infectious for months and remains viable on surfaces for 2-3 weeks
What is anthrax
a spore bacterium
What does the spore in anthrax require
poor nutrient conditions and a presence of oxygen
What is the transmission of anthrax in humans
cutaneous, Inhalational and gastrointestinal
What is cutaneous transmission
contact with infected tissues (wool, hide, etc) and biting flies
What is Inhalational transmission
tanning hides, processing wool or bone
What is gastrointestinal transmission
undercooked meat
What is the animal transmission for anthrax
ingestion from contaminated soil or contaminated feed or bone meal
What is the most common type of anthrax
cutaneous (95%)
What are symptoms of cutaneous anthrax
severe edema, fever and malaise
What are the symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax
severe gastroenteritis
What are the symptoms of Inhalational anthrax
milked fever, and malaise in initial phase and severe respiratory distress, dyspnea, strider, cyanosis and death in second phase
How is anthrax diagnosed in humans
serology, ELISA and nasal swabs
What are the treatments for anthrax
penicillin and Ciprofloxacin
What are some prevention and control methods for anthrax
veterinary supervision, trade restrictions and safety practices
What are some characteristics of Brucellosis
facultative, can live within the host and environmental persistence
What are 2 names of human disease of Brucellosis
malta and gastric fever
What are 2 names of animal disease of Brucellosis
Bang’s disease and enzootic abortion
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