[OBII] M.05 Fetal Imaging (copy)

Fetal Imaging

The use of technology such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and CT scans to obtain information about the anatomy, physiology, growth, and well-being of the fetus.

Sonography

The technique of using sound waves to produce real-time images of organs, fluids, and tissue interfaces in the fetus and uterus.

Transducers

Devices made of piezoelectric crystals that convert electrical energy into sound waves and emit synchronized pulses to create ultrasound images.

Hyperechoic

Echogenic

Bone

Echogenic

Fluid

Anechoic

More echogenicity

More malignancy

TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS

High-Frequency Transducers

Low-Frequency Transducers

Low-Frequency Transducers

Penetrates tissue more effectively

E.g., Transabdominal

High-Frequency Transducers

Better image resolution

Transvaginal Transducers

Transvaginal Transducers

(high frequency) used in early pregnancy - excellent resolution because the small embryo is close to the transducer

Transvaginal Transducers Frequency

6.5-7.5 MHz

Transabdominal Frequency

5.5-6Hz

Early pregnancy

5- to 10- MHz

1st and 2nd trimester

4- to 6- MHz

3rd tirmester

2- to 5- MHz transducer

Safety

The use of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology is considered safe for both the mother and the fetus.

ALARA principle

As Low as Reasonably Achievable

American Institute of Ultrasound Medicine (AIUM)

An organization that sets guidelines and standards for the use of ultrasound in medical practice.

fetal sonography be performed only by trained professionals to recognize medically important conditions such as:

Fetal anomalies

Artifacts that mimic pathology

Use techniques to avoid overexposure to ultrasound. –

Keepsake fetal imaging

sing sonography – is not condoned by AIUM and the FDA

Clinical Applications

The various ways in which ultrasound is used in obstetrics and gynecology, including fetal evaluation, diagnostic purposes, and therapeutic interventions.

Sensitivity of Sonography

Factors that can affect the accuracy and sensitivity of ultrasound imaging.

Detection of fetal and placental abnormalities

Major Benefit of sonography

Goals of UTZ during 1st Trimester

The objectives of ultrasound examination during the first trimester of pregnancy, including identifying intrauterine and viable pregnancy, determining fetal number, estimating gestational age, detecting early morphologic abnormalities, identifying ultrasound markers for chromosomal defects, and detecting uterine and adnexal abnormalities.

Biometry

The measurement of various fetal parameters, such as head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, to assess fetal growth and development.

Biophysical Profile

A prenatal test that combines ultrasound evaluation with a non-stress test to assess the well-being of the fetus.

Fetal Response to Hypoxia

The physiological changes that occur in the fetus when it is deprived of oxygen.

Anatomic Survey

A detailed ultrasound examination of the fetus to assess its anatomical structures and detect any abnormalities.

Ultrasound in Gynecologic Cases

The use of ultrasound in the evaluation and diagnosis of gynecologic conditions, such as uterine and endometrial pathology, infertility causes, adnexal masses, and ovarian Doppler.

PSUOG Annual Convention 2009

Refers to a specific event or conference related to ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology that took place in 2009.

Fetal Safety

The precautions and guidelines to ensure the safety of the fetus during ultrasound procedures.

Ultrasound

A medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body.

Migration of brain cells

The movement of brain cells during fetal development.

Left-handedness

The only observed effect of excessive exposure to ultrasound.

Operator Safety

The precautions and guidelines to ensure the safety of the ultrasound operator during procedures.

American Institute of Ultrasound Medicine (AIUM)

An organization that provides guidelines and recommendations for the safe and effective use of ultrasound in medical practice.

Fetal sonography

The use of ultrasound to examine and evaluate the fetus during pregnancy.

Medically important conditions

Conditions that require medical attention and intervention.

Artifacts

False or misleading images or signals that can mimic pathology.

Overexposure to ultrasound

Excessive exposure to ultrasound that can potentially harm the fetus.

Clinical Applications

The various uses and benefits of ultrasound in medical practice.

Gestational age

The age of the fetus calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period.

Viability

The ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb.

Placental location

The position of the placenta within the uterus.

LMP

Last Menstrual Period, used to calculate gestational age.

AOG

Age of Gestation, another term for gestational age.

EDC

Estimated Date of Confinement, also known as the due date.

Fetal and placental abnormalities

Abnormalities or abnormalities in the fetus or placenta that can be detected through ultrasound.

Post-partum Hemorrhage

The leading cause of maternal death, characterized by excessive bleeding after childbirth.

Sensitivity of Sonography

The ability of ultrasound to accurately detect fetal anomalies.

Maternal habitus

The physical characteristics and body shape of the mother.

Sonographer

The healthcare professional who performs ultrasound examinations.

Pelvic anatomy and pathology

The structure and abnormalities of the female pelvis.

Normal and abnormal pregnancy

The evaluation and diagnosis of normal and abnormal pregnancies at different stages.

Fetal viability

The assessment of whether the fetus is alive and capable of survival.

Abortion

The termination of pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy

A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

Placental abnormalities

Abnormalities in the placenta, such as placenta percreta, placenta accreta, and placenta increta.

Preterm labor

The onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation.

Biometry

The measurement of fetal size and growth.

Gender reveal

The determination of the baby's gender through ultrasound.

Pelvic masses

Abnormal growths or tumors in the pelvic region.

Fertility Monitoring

The use of ultrasound to monitor and assess fertility-related factors.

Adjunct in Obstetrics and Gynecologic procedures

The use of ultrasound as a supplementary tool in various obstetric and gynecologic procedures.

D&C

Dilatation and Curettage, a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the uterus.

PCOS

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age.

Yolk Sac

A bright linear echo adjacent to the yolk sac seen on ultrasound.

GESTATIONAL SAC

1st reliable sonographic evidence of pregnancy

YOLK SAC

1st anatomic structure within the gestational sac.

First identified by transvaginal sonography (TVS) at ____ weeks.

First identified by transvaginal sonography (TVS) at 5 weeks.

Confirmation of the presence of pregnancy.

YOLK SAC

EMBRYO

Seen as bright linear echo, adjacent to the yolk sac

6 weeks AOG

Earliest time to show the fetal heartbeat

Embryo

The developing organism from the time of implantation until the end of the 8th week of gestation.

Cardiac Activity

The presence of a heartbeat, indicating that the embryo or fetus is alive.

Crown Rump Length (CRL)

The measurement from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump), used to estimate gestational age and assess fetal weight.

(CRL)

Remains to be the main reference parameter to assess gestational age

Anembryonic Gestation/ Blighted Ovum/ Empty Gestational Sac

A condition where there is an empty gestational sac without an embryo.

Intrauterine/Subchorionic Hematoma

A collection of blood between the uterine wall and the chorion, often associated with bleeding during pregnancy.

Nuchal Translucency (NT) Evaluation

The measurement of the fluid-filled space at the back of the fetal neck, used as a marker for chromosomal defects.

10-14weeks

Nuchal Translucency is measured at 10-14weeks

Increased NT measurement

Risk for fetal aneuploidy, heart defects

Sagittal plane

NT Eval is measured at

Less than or equal to 3mm

Normal value throughout gestational age

Nasal Bone Technique

The measurement of the nasal bone in the fetus, which can be an indicator of chromosomal abnormalities.

11-14weeks

NBT is measured at

Supine

Fetus should be in what position when performing NBT

Myoma

A benign tumor of the uterus, also known as a fibroid.

Hydatidiform Mole

A rare abnormal pregnancy characterized by the presence of a mass with a honeycomb appearance in the uterus.

Snowstorm Pattern/Appearance

Hydatidiform mole

Small cystic masses which are hypoechoic

Hydatidiform mole

Molar Pregnancy

Hydatidiform mole

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tube.

Ovarian Cyst

A fluid-filled sac that forms on the ovary, which can be functional or neoplastic.

Cystic adnexal masses

they are the corpus luteum of pregnancy or a cystic corpus luteum or hemorrhagic corpus luteum

First 16 weeks of pregnancy:

Cystic adnexal masses are functional.
Do not remove, it will resolved spontaneously, and removing it may cause abortion

Sonography

The use of ultrasound technology to create images of the body's internal structures.

Trimester

One of the three periods of approximately three months each into which pregnancy is divided.

Ultrasound

A diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the body's internal structures.