BIO 150 Ch 7- eukaryotic + prokaryotic

lysosomes

vesicles formed by Golgi and contain hydrolytic enzymes; garbage disposal

cell membrane in prokaryotic

beneath the cell wall; composed of phospholipids

Glycocalyx

sticky carbohydrates covering the plasma membrane of animal cella; gives strength to the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells

the DNA transmits its information to

mRNA molecule; in eukaryotic cells

nulcuear envelope

encases the nucleus; allows passage of molecule

ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

mRNA will translate its information into protein

glycosylation

modifies proteins from RER and travels to SER; in eukaryotic cells

Smooth ER

synthesizes phospholipids; produces different molecules in different cells

Modified protein will exit the SER by forming vesicles and will head to

Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus composed of

stack of 6 or more sacs of flat membrane

inner face of Golgi (cis)

closest to the nucelus

outer face of Gogli (trans)

directed towards the plasma membrane

in the Golgi, as molecules move from the inner to outer,

it is modified by the addition of carbohydrate or phosphate group

tay sachs disease

metabolic disorder; missing or inactive lysosomal enzyme

lysosomal enzyme

lysosomes fill up to capacity with macromolecules that can't be digested; death

receptor-mediated endocytosis

used receptors to bind the macromolecules outside the cell; plasma membrane pinched in to form a vesicle that delivers cargo to early endosomes

early endosomes

acidifies and matures into late endoscopes, then eventually the lysosome

phagocytosis

brings smaller cell or food particle inside cell forming a phagosome

phagosome

delivered to lysosome and fuses and digests its contents

autophagosome

delivered to the lysosome and digested

vacuole

large membraneous sacs that store substances ; in animals and more prominent in plants

central vacuole

in plants that is filled with water and gives support to the cell

protozoan contractile vacuole

specialized vacuole that stores substances

catalase

present in peroxisomes quickly converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

peroxisomes in the liver

converts cholesterol to bile salts; break down fats

Lorenzo's oil disease (ALD)

genetic disease where peroxisomal membrane protein is defective

ataxia

the accumulation of VLCFA (fatty acid) breaks down myelin resulting in neurological symptoms due to the transportation of VLCFA into the peroxisomes is halted

Lorenzo's oil

combination of olive oil and rape seed oil containing unsaturated fatty acids; gene therapy

photosynthesis (chloroplast)

solar+CO2+H2O-->Carbo+O2

cellular respiration (mitochondria)

carbo+O2-->CO2+H2O+energy

matrix

inter membrane of mitochondria filled with gel like fluid; contain own genetic information

plastids

A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms; site of photosynthesis

thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast

grana

stacks of thylakoids

chlorophyll

green pigment inside the thylakoids that trap light energy and coverts CO2 into sugar; contains own genetic information

theory of endosymbiosis evidence

both mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own DNA; carry their own ribosomes which resemble bacterial ribosomes; double membrane structure

original prokaryotic cell

cell gains nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplast (plants)

actin filaments (microfilaments)

long thin (7 mm) protein fibers usually in bundles that are attached to cell membrane

muscle cells

interact with myosin to induce contraction using ATP; involved in movement, transport, stability, and anchoring or organelles

microtubules

cylinders (25nm) that contain rows of globular tubulin; they can assemble or disassemble

kinesin

movement of cell during cell division they form spindle fibers

centrosomes

hollow cylinders that interact with specific proteins to cause movement of organelles

keratin

gives mechanical strength to skin cells

microtubules in flagella

long hollow tubes; 9+2 arrangement (nine sublets) with two centrals;

movement of flagella

whip like movement; hairlike projections

pseudopodia

temporary projection of part of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane

Amoeba use _____ to capture and ingest food.

pseudopodia

centrioles

short cylinders; 9+0 microtubule arrangeemnt; outer ring of nine micro triplets and none in the center

cells

all living things consist of microscopic structurers

biochemical activities in cells

require energy, genetic information, and structure

protoplasm

in the cell and bound to the outer membrane

organelles

structures within cells of multicellular organisms and carry out specific functions

invention of microscope

1600s- light and electron

Prokaryotic cells

lacks nuclues; smaller than eukaryotic; earlier to evolve

Eukaryotic cells

has nucleus and organelles; larger than prokaryotic, evolved after prokaryotic

flagella movement

moves in 360 degree rotation; locomotion

fimbria and pili

used for attatchement

cell walls

consists of peptidoglycan (protein and sugar)

bacteria shapes

round, rod, and spiral

gram stains

ability to retain a purple dye on their call walls

gram negative

pink color

enzymes in in prokaryotic membrane

speed up the biochemical reactions to obtain and utilize enrgy

nucleoid

where genetic information is stored; no nucleus sac; in prokaryotic

RNA

near the nucleus which contains a copy of DNA information and transmits this information to the ribosomes

protein from ribosomes

composed of two subunits (30S & 50S, 70S total)

plasma membrane components

teichoic acid-lipoteichois acid-periplasmic space- peptidoglycan

ribosome large subunit

50S

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

eukaryotic cells

complex structure, has nucleus, possesses membrane bound organelles, may have a cell wall

cell wall

plant, algae and some fungi have cell walls containing cellulose and often fungi have chitin; in eukaryotic cells

nucleus

has double membrane, contains chromatin, DNA; in eukaryotic cells

chromatin

thread like material in the nucleus and condenses into chromosomes;in eukaryotic cells

nucleoli

one or more in the nucleus, where rRNA is produced and become a part of the ribosomes;in eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic ribosomes

composed of two subunits 40S and 60S, 80S total, site of protein synthesis

two subunits

large and small & rRNA and protein

polysome

several ribosomes arranged together; in eukaryotic cells

nuclear pores

where mRNA molecules exits the nucelus

cytoplasm

jelly like substance the organelles swim in

endoplasmic reticulum

folds when mRNA enters the cytoplasm and encounters the ER; it is continuous with he nuclear envelope and branches through the cytoplasm

rough ER

ER studded with ribosomes; where processing and modification of proteins take place

vesicles

portion of the ER that does not contain ribosomes

SER peroxisomes

contain enzymes for detoxifying drugs; redox reactions

Golgi apparatus

the site for packing storage and distribution molecules produced by the ER

secretory vesicle

molecules from Golgi are exported from the cell

signal sequence

carbohydrate or phosphate

digestive enzymes

lysosomes release enzymes on bacteria and destroy them

autophagy

encloses damaged organelle forming an autophagosome

cytosol

digests small molecules released by the lysosome

peroxisomes

contain enzymes that perform oxidation-reduction reactions; toxic

mitochondria

provide cellular energy; produces ATP

cristae

outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria

chloroplast

unique to plants and algae; site of photosynthesis

lamellae

connections between grana

theory of endosymbiosis

eukaryotic cells were created when large prokaryotic cells engulfed and took up smaller prokaryotic cells giving rise to organelles

cytoskeleton

gives support to the cell, maintains shape, anchors the organelles and allows the cell to move

myosin

allows intestinal microvilli to expand and contract; found in pseudopods allowing movement; play a role in animal cell division

tubulin molecules

come together as dimer and join to form microtubule; help maintain shape acting as tracks for kinesin

intermediate filaments

ropelike (8-11nm) assembly of polypeptides; support nuclear envelope and plasma membrane; cell to cell junction

flagella

thicker than bacteria; covered by membrane

dyne arms

each doublet in flagella has arms projecting toward a neighboring doublet; sliding action using ATP