Regions, Descriptions

standard anatomic position

standing upright, feet parallel and flat, level head, eyes looking at observer, arms at either side of body, palms forward, thumbs away from body

supine

laying on back, face up

prone

laying on belly, face down

left/right lateral decubitus/recumbent

laying on side

fowler’s

sitting, high=high angle, more upright, low=low angle, more flat

trendelenberg

supine, legs elevated higher than head

plane

imaginary line

section

slice

coronal plane (frontal plane)

vertical plane, divides into front and back parts

transverse section (cross-sectional plane, axial plane)

horizontal plane, divides into upper and lower parts, along short axis of body

sagittal section

vertical plane, divides into left and right parts, midsagittal and parasagittal

midsagittal (median plane)

divides equally down the middle

parasagittal

divides into unequal left and right portion

coronal section

section body front to back

oblique

an angle other than 90

histological sectioning types

longitudinal, cross, oblique

longitudinal sections

cutting parallel to long axis of organ

cross sections

cutting perpendicular to long axis of organ, like transverse section, lumen (central space) is circular in shape

oblique sections

cutting tissues at an angle, lumen (central space) is oval in shape

anterior, ventral

front, belly side

posterior, dorsal

back, back side

superior, cephalad/cranial

above, towards the head

inferior, caudal

below, towards the tail

superior and inferior reflect placement along the …. axis of the body

long

medial

towards the midline or median plane

lateral

away from the midline

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposite side of the body

proximal

nearer to the attachment w/ trunk

distal

farther from attachment w/ trunk

is it more appropriate to use proximal and distal or superior and inferior when describing parts of upper and lower limbs?

proximal and distal

superficial/external

closer towards body surface

deep/internal

farther away from body surface

what are the 2 main divisions of the body regions?

axial and appendicular regions

axial region

head, neck, trunk

appendicular region

upper limb, lower limb

head region

cephalic, frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, buccal, mental

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

buccal

cheek

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cranial

skull

occipital

back of head

auricular

ear

cervical

neck

trunk region

sternal, pectoral, mammary, abdominal, umbilical, thoracic, vertebral, lumbar

sternal

sternum

pectoral

chest

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

navel

vertebral

spinal columnu

upper limbs

deltoid, axillary, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, coxal, carpal, palmar, digital, magnums, dorsum

deltoid

shoulder

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

digital

finger

olecranal

elbow

dorsum

back of hand

manus

hand region

lower limb regions

pelvic, inguinal, pubic, femoral, patellar, crural, pes, tarsal, dorsal, digital, sacral, gluteal, perineal, popliteal, sural, calcaneal, plantar

inguinal

groin

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

pes

foot

dorsum of the foot

top of foot

digital

toe

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

pollex

thumb

dorsal body cavity

posterior aspect

what cavities are within the dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

cranial cavity

contains brain

vertebral cavity

contains spinal cord

ventral body cavity contains the cavities,

thoracic, pleural (lungs), mediastinum (pericardial - heart), abdominopelvic, abdominal - digestive viscera, pelvic - true pelvis, below pelvic brim - contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

what separates the ventral body cavities?

diaphragm muscle

mediastinum is divided into…

superior and inferior mediastinum

inferior mediastinum is divided into…

anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum areas

middle mediastinum contains the…

pericardial cavity

pericardial cavity contains the…

heart

what are dorsal body cavities lined with?

meninges - connective tissue membranes

thoracic cavity membranes are … around …

pleura around lungs, pericardium around heart, abdominal cavity: peritoneum around intraperitoneal organs

serous membranes have 2 layers…

parietal layer and visceral layer

parietal layer

around internal surface of body wall

visceral layer

covering the organ surface

serous membranes produce… into …

produce a lubricating fluid (serous fluid) into a potential space btw layers called the serous cavity

pericardium

heart, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity with serous fluid, visceral pericardium

pleura

parietal pleura, visceral pleura, pleural cavity with serous fluid, diaphragm

peritoneum

diaphragm, liver, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, parietal peritoneum, greater momentum, small intestine, mesentery, peritoneal cavity with serous fluid, visceral peritoneum, rectum

abdominopelvic regions

nine compartments divided by vertical and horizontal planes

vertical planes

right and left midclavicular plane (passing though the middle of the clavicle and inguinal ligament)