HELMINTH: CHAPTER 4

Echinostoma

Has spines in the collar of oral suckers

Hermaphroditic

Gender of Echinostoma

Horshoe

Shape of Echinostoma cephalic collar

Horse-shoe cephalic collar

Surrounds the oral sucker

2-20 mm in length

Echinostoma are generally elongated, dorsoventrally flattened worms

2nd I.H.

Where does the metacercaria of echinostoma developed

11-14%

Prevalence of Echinostoma in endemic areas

Pia luzonica, Native kuhol

Intermediate snail host of echinostom

Echinostoma revolutum

DEFINITIVE HOSTS: Primarily aquatic birds (ducks, geese, gulls) and mammals, including humans, rats, and muskrats.

Freshwater snails

1st I.H. of Echinostoma

Freshwater snails, Bivalves, Fish, Tadpoles

2nd I.H. of Echinostoma revolutum

Cecum, Rectum

Predilection site of adult echinostoma

Renal organs, pericardial cavity, kidney

Predilection site of of larval (metacercariae) Echinostoma revolutum

Acetabulum

. It has a well-developed, muscular ventral sucker

Operculated, ellipsoidal, yellowish

Description of Echinostoma revolutum egg

Spherical

Shape of metacercaria of Echinostoma revolutum

Garrison’s fluke

Common name for Echinostoma revolutum

Echinostoma ilocanum

 an intestinal trematode responsible for echinostomiasis, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Philippines

Small intestine

Predilection site of Echinostoma ilocanum

49-51

Collar spines of Echinostoma ilocanum

Reddish, Unebryonated, Unoperculated

Characteristics of Echinostoma ilocanum

Oleoresin of Aspidium

Treatment for Echinostoma ilocanum in man

Heterophyidae

• Small trematodes (usually not over 3 mm long)  

• Body covered with scales  

Heterophyes, Metagonimus

Genera under heterophyidae

Heterophyes heterophyes

HOST: dog, cat, fox, man

Site: Small intestine

Metagonimus yokogawai

• HOST: dog, cat, pig, man

• SITE: small intestine

Prosthogonimidae

• 0.-1.5 cm; semitransparent, pearlike 

• Cuticle is usually covered with spines 

Prosthogonimidae

Parasites of intestine, oviduct and Bursa of Fabricius of birds, amphibia, reptiles, others

Prosthogonimus pellucidus

Occurs in the bursa of fabricius, oviduct, and posterior intestine of fowl, duck, and wild birds

Prosthogonimus macrochis

Found in the bursa of fabricius, oviduct of chickens and ducks

Prosthogonimus ovatus

Found in the bursa of fabricius and oviduct of chicken, geese, and wild birds

Prosthogonimus anatus/cuneatus

Prosthogonimidae of ducks

Dragonfly naiads

2nf I.H. of Prosthogonimidae

Prosthogonimidae

The most pathogenic trematode of poultry

30 flukes

may cause inflammation of the oviduct that results to production of abnormal eggs and discharge of egg albumen in the cloaca

Cyanotic

If peritonitis is present in fowl, the comb and wattles exhibit this clinical sign

Plagiorchiidae

• Have an abbreviated life cycle by progenesis or eliminating metacercaria 

Metacercaria

Eliminated phase of life cycle for Plagiorchiidae

Plagiorchis megalorchis

• Found in the oviduct of turkeys; the 

Plagiorchis arcuatus

Oviduct of fowl

Plagiorchis muris

• Small intestine of rats and dogs; the 

Long filament on both ends

Characteristic of Notocotylidae eggs

Notocotylidae

Tiny worms (less than 15 mm)

Notocotylus, catatropi

Genera under notocotylidae

Notocotylus attenuates

Ceca and rectum of chicken, ducks, geese and other aquatic birds

Notocotylus intestinalis

Intestines of chicken and duck

Notocotylus naviformis

Intestine of ducks

Notocotylus

It is not considered to be very pathogenic but in severe cases, erosion of cecal mucosa causes emaciation and diarrhea in aquatic birds

Catatropi verrucosa

Ceca of chicken, duck, geese, and other aquatic birds 

Oxyclosanide

Treatment of Catatropi verrucosa

Cyclocoelidae

Intestinal ceca may be simple or branched and are joined together posteriorly forming a complete ring 

Miracidium

Cyclocoelidae uterus contains these in their eggs

Cyclocoelidae

Parasites of aquatic birds 

Cyclocoelium, tracheophilus

Genera under cyclocoelidae

Tracheophilus cymbius

• HOST: Domestic and wild ducks

• SITE: Trachea, bronchi and orbital sinus

Nasal discharge, feces

Tracheophilus eggs are voided through

Sporocyst

Life cycle phase that is not included in tracheophilus

Complete intestinal rings

Cyclocoelidae characteristic

Tracheophilus cymbius

Birds die of asphyxia due to tracheal obstruction

Tracheophilus cucumerinum

• FINAL HOST: ducks

• SITE: trachea, bronchi, air sacs, and esophagus

Tracheophilus cucumerinum

MORPHOLOGY: both oral and ventral suckers are absent; Intestines possess a median diverticula

Cyclocoelium mutabile

• HOST: Aquatic birds

• SITE: Body cavity, nasal cavity and air sacs

• MORPHOLOGY: ceca without diverticula 

Hyptiasmus tumidus

• HOST: ducks and geese

• SITE: nasal and orbital sinus

Postharmostomum, brachylaemus

Genera under brachylaemidae (harmostomidae)

Postharmostomum commutatis/gallinarum

• HOST: turkey, pigeon, guinea fowl

• SITE: ceca

Postharmostomum suis

• HOST: pig

• SITE: Small intestine 

Brachylaemus commutatus

• HOST: fowl, turkey, pigeon

• SITE: ceca

• MORPHOLOGY: uterus coiled with ascending and descending branches

Postharmostomum suis

• a blood sucker but is apparently not very pathogenic